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991.
Antifreeze proteins (AFPs) are characterized by their capacity to inhibit the growth of ice and are produced by a variety of polar fish, terrestrial arthropods and other organisms inhabiting cold environments. This capacity reflects their role as stabilizers of supercooled body fluids. The longhorn beetle Rhagium inquisitor is known to express AFPs in its body fluids. In this work we report on the primary structure and structural characteristics of a 12.8 kDa AFP from this beetle (RiAFP). It has a high capacity to evoke antifreeze activity as compared to other known insect AFPs and it is structurally unique in several aspects. In contrast to the high content of disulfide bond-formation observed in other coleopteran AFPs, RiAFP contains only a single such bond. Six internal repeat segments of a thirteen residue repeat pattern is irregularly spaced apart throughout its sequence. The central part of these repeat segments is preserved as TxTxTxT, which is effectively an expansion of the TxT ice-binding motif found in the AFPs of several known insect AFPs.  相似文献   
992.
BackgroundThe provision of different types of mortality metrics (e.g., mortality rate ratios [MRRs] and life expectancy) allows the research community to access a more informative set of health metrics. The aim of this study was to provide a panel of mortality metrics associated with a comprehensive range of disorders and to design a web page to visualize all results.Methods and findingsIn a population-based cohort of all 7,378,598 persons living in Denmark at some point between 2000 and 2018, we identified individuals diagnosed at hospitals with 1,803 specific categories of disorders through the International Classification of Diseases-10th Revision (ICD-10) in the National Patient Register. Information on date and cause of death was obtained from the Registry of Causes of Death. For each of the disorders, a panel of epidemiological and mortality metrics was estimated, including incidence rates, age-of-onset distributions, MRRs, and differences in life expectancy (estimated as life years lost [LYLs]). Additionally, we examined models that adjusted for measures of air pollution to explore potential associations with MRRs. We focus on 39 general medical conditions to simplify the presentation of results, which cover 10 broad categories: circulatory, endocrine, pulmonary, gastrointestinal, urogenital, musculoskeletal, hematologic, mental, and neurologic conditions and cancer. A total of 3,676,694 males and 3,701,904 females were followed up for 101.7 million person-years. During the 19-year follow-up period, 1,034,273 persons (14.0%) died. For 37 of the 39 selected medical conditions, mortality rates were larger and life expectancy shorter compared to the Danish general population. For these 37 disorders, MRRs ranged from 1.09 (95% confidence interval [CI]: 1.09 to 1.10) for vision problems to 7.85 (7.77 to 7.93) for chronic liver disease, while LYLs ranged from 0.31 (0.14 to 0.47) years (approximately 16 weeks) for allergy to 17.05 (16.95 to 17.15) years for chronic liver disease. Adjustment for air pollution had very little impact on the estimates; however, a limitation of the study is the possibility that the association between the different disorders and mortality could be explained by other underlying factors associated with both the disorder and mortality.ConclusionsIn this study, we show estimates of incidence, age of onset, age of death, and mortality metrics (both MRRs and LYLs) for a comprehensive range of disorders. The interactive data visualization site (https://nbepi.com/atlas) allows more fine-grained analysis of the link between a range of disorders and key mortality estimates.

In a population-based study, Oleguer Plana-Ripoll and colleagues report on and develop an online resource to study mortality metrics and life expectancy associated with different health conditions among individuals living in Denmark.  相似文献   
993.
Germline and somatic variants within an individual or cohort are interpreted with information from large cohorts. Annotation with this information becomes a computational bottleneck as population sets grow to terabytes of data. Here, we introduce echtvar, which efficiently encodes population variants and annotation fields into a compressed archive that can be used for rapid variant annotation and filtering. Most variants, represented by chromosome, position and alleles are encoded into 32-bits-half the size of previous encoding schemes and at least 4 times smaller than a naive encoding. The annotations, stored separately within the same archive, are also encoded and compressed. We show that echtvar is faster and uses less space than existing tools and that it can effectively reduce the number of candidate variants. We give examples on germ-line and somatic variants to document how echtvar can facilitate exploratory data analysis on genetic variants. Echtvar is available at https://github.com/brentp/echtvar under an MIT license.  相似文献   
994.
Obesity and Type 2 diabetes are associated with an increased risk of developing cardiovascular disease. Reports have suggested that the chemokine, interleukin-8, may be involved in the development of diabetic macroangiopathy as well as in the pathogenesis of atherosclerosis. Two classes of drugs, the biguanides and the insulin-sensitizing thiazolidinediones seem to have additional beneficial effects on cardiovascular risk-factors besides their effects on glucose homeostasis. In this study, we investigated the effects of the thiazolidinedione, Ciglitazone, the peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor alpha-agonist 5,8,11,14-eicosatetraynoic acid (ETYA) and the biguanide, Metformin on interleukin-8 gene expression and production in human adipose tissue in vitro. Ciglitazone 10-100 M inhibited interleukin-8 release by 25-33% (p < 0.05) and mRNA expression by 33-60% (p < 0.05). Metformin 0.1-10 mM inhibited interleukin-8 release by 20-50% (p < 0.05) and mRNA expression by 20-90% (p < 0.05). However, ETYA did not effect the production of interleukin-8 in the adipose tissue. In conclusion, we demonstrate the ability of two anti-diabetic compounds to decrease the release of interleukin-8 from human adipose tissue in vitro. These findings open the possibility that the beneficial effects on cardiovascular risk-factors of these anti-diabetic compounds might involve a reduction in the interleukin-8 produced in human adipose tissue.  相似文献   
995.
996.
Azasugars were obtained in one-pot reactions by catalytic reduction reactions of amino group precursors in aldosugars followed by intramolecular reductive amino alkylation reactions. (3R,4S)-4-[(1S)-1,2-Dihydroxyethyl]pyrrolidin-3-ol was obtained from D-xylose by two different strategies through 3-C-cyano-3-deoxy-D-ribo-pentofuranose or 3-C-azidomethyl-3-deoxy-D-ribo-pentofuranose in 6 and 16% overall yields, respectively. The oxidative cleavage of the diol group in the corresponding Fmoc-azasugar followed by deprotection afforded (3R,4R)-4-(hydroxymethyl)pyrrolidin-3-ol. (3R,4S)-4-[(1S,2R)-1,2,3-Trihydroxypropyl]pyrrolidin-3-ol was synthesized from diacetone-D-glucose through 3-deoxy-3-C-nitromethyl-D-allose and the overall yield was 7%.  相似文献   
997.
A series of mutant strains of Lactococcus lactis were constructed with lactate dehydrogenase (LDH) activities ranging from below 1% to 133% of the wild-type activity level. The mutants with 59% to 133% of lactate dehydrogenase activity had growth rates similar to the wild-type and showed a homolactic pattern of fermentation. Only after lactate dehydrogenase activity was reduced ninefold compared to the wild-type was the growth rate significantly affected, and the ldh mutants started to produce mixed-acid products (formate, acetate, and ethanol in addition to lactate). Flux control coefficients were determined and it was found that lactate dehydrogenase exerted virtually no control on the glycolytic flux at the wild-type enzyme level and also not on the flux catalyzed by the enzyme itself, i.e. on the lactate production. As expected, the flux towards the mixed-acid products was strongly enhanced in the strain deleted for lactate dehydrogenase. What is more surprising is that the enzyme had a strong negative control ( CLDHJF1 =-1.3) on the flux to formate at the wild-type level of lactate dehydrogenase. Furthermore, we showed that L. lactis has limited excess of capacity of lactate dehydrogenase, only 70% more than needed to catalyze the lactate flux in the wild-type cells.  相似文献   
998.
This article examines the extent to which new theories of animism advanced by Descola and Viveiros de Castro are consistent with the indigenous ontologies of North Asia. Based on a survey of North Asian ethnography and on fieldwork in Mongolia and Siberia, it is proposed that an analytical distinction between animist and totemist modalities will shed light on indigenous ontologies in North Asia. Whereas the ontologies of Northern North Asia (NNA) are predominantly animistic in nature, the ontologies of Southern North Asia (SNA) are predominantly totemistic. This opposition falls in line with established anthropological distinctions concerning North Asian societies, such as the one between 'horizontally' and 'vertically' organized social formations. Finally, adopting Viveiros de Castro's notion of 'perspectivism', I address the question of why, when perspectivist notions seem to thrive in NNA, the societies of SNA do not show them.  相似文献   
999.
The cotyledons, leaves and inflorescences of the radish, Raphanus sativus, have been examined for their content of hydroxylated cinnamic acid malate esters. 2-O-(p-coumaroyl)-l-malate, 2-O-caffeoyl-l-malate and 2-O-feruloyl-l-malate were found to be quantitatively predominating compounds in the fraction of carboxylic acids isolated from radish leaves and inflorescences. Identifications were based on PC, TLC, HVE, GC, HPLC, UV and NMR spectroscopy. The l- or (2S)-configuration of malic acid released by hydrolysis from the esters was determined by using l-malate dehydrogenase. A combined column chromatography technique applied prior to HVE, HPLC and GC was useful for separating the malate esters from most other low MW plant constituents. The significance of the present investigation is briefly discussed in relation to the metabolism of phenolic constituents of glucosinolate-containing plants, and the effects of these compounds in relation to insect feeding behaviour.  相似文献   
1000.
The binding of soluble proteins to target surfaces is vital in triggering the immune response. However, structural insight into such processes is still lacking. Mannan-binding lectin (MBL) is a classic example of a pattern recognition molecule with important roles in innate immunity against microbial infections. By small angle x-ray scattering analysis we show that the large MBL complex in solution is folded into a ramified structure with a striking rotational symmetry and a structure permissive of elongation by unbending. Nevertheless, the structure in solution is found to be very stable. However, when the MBL molecule interacts with surface-immobilized ligands, the stable MBL structure is broken into a stretched state with separation of the ligand-binding domains as shown by high resolution atomic force microscopy. These studies provide a snapshot of the single molecule mechanics of MBL and the first direct evidence that the transition from the soluble state to surface-bound protein involves large conformational changes in the quaternary structure, thus highlighting the role of surface topography in immune recognition.  相似文献   
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