Visual fields of orb web and single line web spiders of the family Uloboridae (Arachnida,Araneida)

Summary In the family Uloboridae, web reduction is associated with changes in web monitoring posture and prosomal features. A spider must extend its first pair of legs directly forward to monitor the signal line of a reduced web. This posture is facilitated by shifts in prosomal musculature that cause reduced web uloborids to have a narrower anterior prosoma, a reduced or absent anterior eye row, and prominent posterior lateral eye tubercles. The eye tubercles and larger posterior eyes of these uloborids suggest that web reduction may also be accompanied by ocular changes that compensate for reduction of the anterior eyes by expanding the visual fields of the posterior eyes. A comparison of the visual fields of the eight-eyed, orb web species Octonoba octonaria and a four-eyed, reduced web Miagrammopes species was made to determine if this is true. Physical and optical measurements determined the visual angles of each species' eyes and the pattern of each species' visual surveillance. Despite loss of the anterior four eyes, the Miagrammopes species has a visual coverage similar to that of O. octonaria. This is due to (1) an increase in the visual field of each of the four remaining Miagrammopes eyes, accruing from an extension of the retina and an increase in the lens' rear radius of curvature, and (2) a ventral shift of each visual axis, associated with the development of an eye tubercle and an asymmetrical expansion of the retina. Miagrammopes monitor their simple webs from twigs or moss where they are vulnerable to predation. Therefore, maintenance of visual cover may enable them to detect predators in time to assume or maintain their characteristic, cryptic posture. It may also allow them to observe approaching prey and permit them to adjust web tension or prepare to jerk their webs when prey strikes.     

Cellulose and lignin degradation in forest soils: Response to moisture,temperature, and acidity

The concentration of lignin in plant tissue is a major factor controlling organic matter degradation rates in forest ecosystems. Microbial biomass and lignin and cellulose decomposition were measured for six weeks in forest soil microcosms in order to determine the influence of pH, moisture, and temperature on organic matter decomposition. Microbial biomass was determined by chloroform fumigation; lignin and cellulose decomposition were measured radiometrically. The experiment was designed as a Latin square with soils of pH of 4.5, 5.5, and 6.5 adjusted to 20, 40, or 60% moisture content, and incubated at temperatures of 4, 12, or 24°C. Microbial biomass and lignin and cellulose decomposition were not significantly affected by soil acidity. Microbial biomass was greater at higher soil moisture contents. Lignin and cellulose decomposition significantly increased at higher soil temperatures and moisture contents. Soil moisture was more important in affecting microbial biomass than either soil temperature or soil pH.     

Linkage disequilibrium analysis in Machado-Joseph disease patients of different ethnic origins

Machado-Joseph disease (MJD) is an autosomal dominant spinocerebellar degeneration originally described in families of Portuguese-Azorean ancestry. The hypothesis that its present world distribution could result from the spread of an original founder mutation has been raised. To test this possibility we have conducted a linkage disequilibrium study of markers segregating with the MJD1 locus in a total of 64 unrelated families of different geographical origins. Significant association was detected between the MJD1 locus and marker alleles at loci D14S280, D14S1050 and D14S81. All affected individuals, except one Chinese family, had allele 3 (237 bp) at D14S280. This finding is consistent with a founder effect in our MJD population. However, distinct haplotypes were observed in patients originating from the two Azorean islands showing the highest disease prevalence; therefore, the possible existence of more than one founder mutation can not be excluded with the markers currently available. Received: 27 February 1996 / Revised: 4 June 1996     

Cytokinins and fruit development in the kiwifruit (Actinidia deliciosa). I. Changes during fruit development

The cytokinin content in fruit tissue of the kiwifruit ( Actinidia deliciosa [A. Chev.] C. F. Liang et A. R. Ferguson var. deliciosa cv. Hayward) was monitored during fruit development to identify which cytokinins were present and if they were linked with specific stages of fruit growth. Cytokinins were isolated and purified by column chromatography and high-performance liquid chromatography and quantified by radioimmunoassay. A novel HPLC step utilising an amine column was successfully introduced as a preparative step in the separation of the O - and 9-glucosides from the free bases and ribosides. The radioimmunoassay results were validated, and the different cytokinins identified, by gas chromatography-mass spectrometry. Cytokinins detected in fruit included the cytokinin free bases, zeatin and isopentenyladenine, their ribosides, nucleotides and both O - and 9-glucosides. Both qualitative and quantitative changes of the cytokinins occurred during fruit development. A decrease in cytokinin concentration occurred after anthesis (from 342 pmol g⁻¹ fresh weight at anthesis to 41 pmol g⁻¹ fresh weight 27 days after anthesis). A large increase in cytokinin concentration and content per fruit occurred as the fruit reached commercial maturity (to 1900 pmol g⁻¹ fresh weight). Individual cytokinins showed quite different patterns. Zeatin, in particular, showed a peak in concentration (13 pmol g⁻¹ fresh weight) 11 days after anthesis that correlated with the beginning of the cell division phase of fruit growth. The accumulation of cytokinin (mostly zeatin riboside or zeatin nucleotide) in mature fruit may be of significance for the postharvest storage of kiwifruit fruit.     

Complete sequence of a new HLA-B35 allele found in a tribe of Mapuche Indians in the south of Argentina

The nucleotide sequence data reported in this paper have been submitted to the GenBank nucleotide sequence database and have been assigned the accession number U17107. The nameB*3509 was officially assigned by the WHO Nomenclature Committee in December 1994     

The role of tyrosine-114 in the enzymatic activity of the Shiga-like toxin I A-chain

Shiga-like toxin I (SLT-I), the potent cytotoxin produced by certain pathogenic strains of Escherichia coli, is a member of a burgeoning family of ribosome-inactivating proteins (RIPS), which share common structural and mechanistic features. The prototype of the group is the plant toxin ricin. Recently we proposed a structural model for the Slt-IA active site, based in part on the known geometry of the enzymatic subunit of the ricin toxin. The model places three aromatic residues within the putative Slt-IA active site cleft: tyrosine 77, tyrosine 114, and tryptophan 203. Here we present biochemical and biophysical data regarding, the phenotypes of conservative point mutants of Slt-IA in which tyrosine 114 is altered. We used oligonucleotide-directed mutagenesis to replace tyrosine 114 with either phenylalanine (Y114F) or serine (Y114S). Periplasmic extracts of E. coli containing wild-type or mutant Slt-IA were tested for their ability to inhibit protein synthesis in vitro. Relative to wild-type, the activity of mutant Y1 14F was attenuated about 30-fold, while the mutant Y114S was attenuated about 500 to 1000-fold. In order to address the possibility that differential activation of the mutants rather than local effects at the active site might account for their diminished activity, we engineered the same mutations into a truncated slt-IA cassette that directs expression of a product corresponding to the activated A₁ form of Slt-IA (wild-type-). The same general relationships held: relative to wild type-, Y114F- was attenuated about 7-fold, and Y114S- about 300-fold. Tryptic digestion profiles of the mutant proteins were similar to those of the corresponding wild-type, indicating that the amino acid substitutions had not caused major alterations in conformation. We conclude that Y114 plays a significant role in the activity of Slt-IA, one which is quantitatively similar to that of Y77, and one which is predicated on the presence of both its weakly acidic phenolic hydroxyl and its aromatic ring.     

The metabolism of sugar and malic acid by Leuconostoc oenos: effect of malic acid, pH and aeration conditions

The co-metabolism of sugars by Leuconostoc oenos was studied under different environmental conditions. Under aerobic conditions, growth and sugar metabolism were poorer than under CO₂ or N₂ atmosphere and acetic acid accumulated to a larger extent. Glycerol was found in the aerobic cultures while erythritol was detected under N₂ or CO₂. When medium conditions make growth difficult (low pH, aerobic conditions, low nutrients), sugars were only slightly metabolized and growth was very slow while malic acid was rapidly and completely degraded, leading to an increase in the y _ATP. Aeration effects on the malic acid degradation rate depended on the nutrients and carbon source in the medium. Malic acid clearly stimulated bacterial growth, allowing an increase in the molar growth yields and ATP production. The results suggest that under adverse conditions cells are not able to grow and malic degradation supplies additional energy production.     

Mapping the information landscape of the United Nations Decade on Ecosystem Restoration Strategy

The strategy of the United Nations Decade on Ecosystem Restoration identifies three pathways for action for overcoming six global barriers thought to hamper upscaling. We evaluated 6,023 peer-reviewed and gray literature papers published over the last two decades to map the information landscape underlying the barriers and associated pathways for action across world regions, terrestrial ecosystem types, restorative interventions and their outcomes. Overall, the literature addressed more the financial and legislative barriers than the technical and research-related ones, supporting the view that social, economic and political factors hamper scaling up ecosystem restoration. Latin America, Africa, and North America were the most prominent regions in the literature, yet differed in the number of publications addressing each barrier. An overwhelming number of publications focused on forests (78%), while grasslands (6%), drylands (3%), and mangroves (2%) received less attention. Across the three pathways for action, the action lines on (1) promoting long-term ecosystem restoration actions and monitoring and (2) education on restoration were the most underrepresented in the literature. In general, restorative interventions assessed rendered positive outcomes except those of a political, legislative or financial nature which reported negative or inconclusive outcomes. Our indicative assessment reveals critical information gaps on barriers, pathways, and types of restorative interventions across world regions, particularly related to specific social issues such as education for ecosystem restoration. Finally, we call for refining “strength of evidence” assessment frameworks that can systematically appraise, synthesize and integrate information on traditional and practitioner knowledge as two essential components for improving decision-making in ecosystem restoration.