全文获取类型
收费全文 | 6661篇 |
免费 | 514篇 |
出版年
2024年 | 6篇 |
2023年 | 53篇 |
2022年 | 104篇 |
2021年 | 204篇 |
2020年 | 107篇 |
2019年 | 137篇 |
2018年 | 185篇 |
2017年 | 187篇 |
2016年 | 226篇 |
2015年 | 394篇 |
2014年 | 392篇 |
2013年 | 525篇 |
2012年 | 644篇 |
2011年 | 556篇 |
2010年 | 347篇 |
2009年 | 297篇 |
2008年 | 379篇 |
2007年 | 378篇 |
2006年 | 312篇 |
2005年 | 294篇 |
2004年 | 268篇 |
2003年 | 249篇 |
2002年 | 236篇 |
2001年 | 51篇 |
2000年 | 33篇 |
1999年 | 47篇 |
1998年 | 67篇 |
1997年 | 40篇 |
1996年 | 44篇 |
1995年 | 35篇 |
1994年 | 23篇 |
1993年 | 19篇 |
1992年 | 17篇 |
1991年 | 16篇 |
1990年 | 49篇 |
1989年 | 9篇 |
1988年 | 14篇 |
1987年 | 15篇 |
1986年 | 13篇 |
1985年 | 14篇 |
1984年 | 23篇 |
1983年 | 20篇 |
1982年 | 14篇 |
1981年 | 21篇 |
1980年 | 7篇 |
1979年 | 10篇 |
1978年 | 9篇 |
1975年 | 7篇 |
1974年 | 7篇 |
1973年 | 6篇 |
排序方式: 共有7175条查询结果,搜索用时 31 毫秒
181.
Ignacio M. Soto Valeria P. Carreira Eduardo M. Soto Federico Márquez Paula Lipko Esteban Hasson 《Evolutionary biology》2013,40(3):395-407
Increasing evidence from multiple animal systems suggests that genital evolution and diversification are driven by rapid and strong evolutionary forces. Particularly, the morphology of male genital structures is considered to be among the fastest evolving traits in animal groups with internal fertilization. In this study, we investigated patterns of male genital variation within and between natural populations of the cactophilic fly Drosophila buzzatii in its original geographic distribution range in the Neotropics. We detected significant morphological differences among populations and distinguished five differentiated groups. Moreover, among population differentiation in genital morphology was associated with the degree of geographic isolation among populations and clearly contrasted with the general homogeneity detected for the putatively neutral mitochondrial gene COI. Integrating our present data with previous molecular population genetic surveys, our results suggest that male genital morphology has rapidly diverged after the recent demographic expansion that D. buzzatii has undergone in the arid zones of South America. Because the “lock and key” hypothesis failed to explain the present pattern, we explored alternative explanations for the observed pattern of genital diversification including drift-facilitated sexual selection. 相似文献
182.
Paula Nilda Fergnani Adriana Ruggiero Soledad Ceccarelli Frédéric Menu Jorge Rabinovich 《Memórias do Instituto Oswaldo Cruz》2013,108(8):997-1008
We analysed the spatial variation in morphological diversity (MDiv) and species
richness (SR) for 91 species of Neotropical Triatominae to determine the ecological
relationships between SR and MDiv and to explore the roles that climate,
productivity, environmental heterogeneity and the presence of biomes and rivers may
play in the structuring of species assemblages. For each 110 km x 110 km-cell on a
grid map of America, we determined the number of species (SR) and estimated the mean
Gower index (MDiv) based on 12 morphological attributes. We performed bootstrapping
analyses of species assemblages to identify whether those assemblages were more
similar or dissimilar in their morphology than expected by chance. We applied a
multi-model selection procedure and spatial explicit analyses to account for the
association of diversity-environment relationships. MDiv and SR both showed a
latitudinal gradient, although each peaked at different locations and were thus not
strictly spatially congruent. SR decreased with temperature variability and MDiv
increased with mean temperature, suggesting a predominant role for ambient energy in
determining Triatominae diversity. Species that were more similar than expected by
chance co-occurred near the limits of the Triatominae distribution in association
with changes in environmental variables. Environmental filtering may underlie the
structuring of species assemblages near their distributional limits. 相似文献
183.
Javier Ithurralde Ana Laura Costas Paula Pessina Enrique Cueto Danilo Fila Ana Meikle 《Theriogenology》2013
The aim of this study was to describe the presence of estrogen receptor-α (ERα) in several vaginal histological compartments in healthy adult bitches throughout three estrous cycle stages (proestrus, estrus, and early diestrus) and to relate ERα presence with serum progesterone and estradiol-17β concentrations. For this purpose, serial blood samples and vaginal biopsies were taken from five bitches every 48 hours, starting at the clinical onset of proestrus, marked by the beginning of serosanguineous vaginal secretion. Serum progesterone and estradiol-17β concentrations were determined by RIA, whereas detection of steroid receptors was carried out through immunohistochemistry. Subjective image analysis was conducted by two independent observers in the following histological compartments: superficial, intermediate, and deep epithelia and superficial (loose) and deep (dense) stroma (connective tissue). Nuclear ERα immunoreactivity was detected in every histological compartment and estrous cycle stage studied. ERα expression varied among histological compartments and during stages of the cycle. Receptor expression was associated with estradiol-17β and progesterone serum profiles. Most relevant cyclic changes were detected in the superficial and deep epithelia and in the dense connective tissue. The highest ERα expression was detected during diestrus, although each compartment had a different pattern throughout the other cycle stages. Thus, vaginal ERα expression in the bitch varied throughout proestrus, estrus, and early diestrus according to the histological compartment involved. 相似文献
184.
João Vidigal Mafalda M. Dias Fabiana Fernandes Marco Patrone Cláudia Bispo Cláudia Andrade Rui Gardner Manuel J.T. Carrondo Paula M. Alves Ana P. Teixeira 《Journal of biotechnology》2013
Insect cell lines such as Sf9 and High Five™ have been widely used to produce recombinant proteins mostly by the lytic baculovirus vector system. We have recently established an expression platform in Sf9 cells using a fluorescence-based recombinase mediated cassette exchange (RMCE) strategy which has similar development timelines but avoids baculovirus infection. To expedite cell engineering efforts, a robust fluorescence-activated cell sorting (FACS) protocol optimized for insect cells was developed here. The standard sorting conditions used for mammalian cells proved to be unsuitable, resulting in post-sorting viabilities below 10% for both cell lines. We found that the extreme sensitivity to the shear stress displayed by Sf9 and High Five™ cells was the limiting factor, and using Pluronic F-68 in the cell suspension could increase post-sorting viabilities in a dose dependent manner. The newly developed protocol was then used to sort stable populations of both cell lines tagged with a DsRed-expressing cassette. Before sorting, the average fluorescence intensity of the Sf9 cell population was 3-fold higher than that of the High Five™ cell population. By enriching with the 10% strongest DsRed-fluorescent cells, the productivity of both cell populations could be successfully improved. The established sorting protocol potentiates the use of RMCE technology for recombinant protein production in insect cells. 相似文献
185.
Sonja C. Ludwig Aly McCluskie Paula Keane Catherine Barlow Richard M. Francksen Damian Bubb 《Bird Study》2013,60(4):431-443
Capsule: Diversionary feeding reduced Hen Harrier Circus cyaneus nestlings’ natural food intake by half. Red Grouse Lagopus lagopus scotica chicks constituted 0–4% of all nestling food items. Annually, this reduced annual grouse chick production by 0–6%.Aim: To quantify proportions of diversionary and natural food (including grouse) delivered to Hen Harrier nestlings in relation to brood size, male status and natural prey abundance.Methods: We recorded diversionary food provisioned to 25 Hen Harrier broods (2008–15) and studied the diet of 15 broods using observations from hides, nest cameras and regurgitated pellet analysis. Variation in nestling diet was analysed using compositional analysis.Results: Hen Harriers took 76% of diversionary food provided. Depending on assessment method, average nestling diet was 44–53% diversionary food, 39–55% natural prey (including 24–45% passerines, 4–15% small mammals, 0–4% grouse chicks) and 0–9% unknown items. The amount of diversionary food consumed was not influenced by male status, brood size or natural prey abundance. The number of Red Grouse chicks delivered annually was 34–100% lower than expected under unfed conditions, however, the confidence intervals associated with these estimates were large.Conclusion: Diversionary food influenced Hen Harrier nestling diet and reduced the number of Red Grouse chicks taken relative to modelled predictions. It may help reduce conflict between Hen Harrier conservation and Red Grouse shooting, but only if overall grouse productivity is thereby maintained or increased. 相似文献
186.
Erich Y.T. Nakasu Simoni C. Dias Carmen S.S. Pires David A. Andow Debora Pires Paula Pedro Henrique B. Togni Tainã R. Macedo Edison R. Sujii Maria F.G. de Sá Eliana M.G. Fontes 《Entomologia Experimentalis et Applicata》2013,148(2):105-115
Insect predators are exposed to the Cry1Ac toxin in Bt cotton fields through several pathways. In this study, we investigated the effects of activated Cry1Ac added to a diet on Cycloneda sanguinea (L.) (Coleoptera: Coccinellidae), which is one of the main predators of non‐target pests in Brazilian cotton. Direct bitrophic exposure of C. sanguinea to Cry1Ac was done by feeding beetles with Aphis gossypii (Glover) (Hemiptera: Aphidae) sprayed with 500 μg per ml Cry1Ac solution. Larval and pupal survival, development time, aphid consumption, and adult longevity were recorded daily. Couples within the same experimental treatment were paired and numbers of eggs laid and hatched per female were recorded daily. Net replacement rate was calculated for each female. During development, a C. sanguinea larva consumed on average 1.8 μg of activated Cry1Ac. No significant differences due to Cry1Ac were observed for any of the response variables, except aphid consumption. Larvae receiving Cry1Ac consumed more aphids than larvae receiving distilled water alone. Additional statistical analyses were conducted to evaluate independence of responses, and for the independent responses, a simple meta‐analysis was conducted to test the null hypothesis that all responses were zero. Nearly all of the response variables were statistically independent. Two pairs of responses were not independent, but the associated multivariate tests were not significant. The meta‐analysis suggested that all effects were not different from random variation around zero and no cumulative effects could be detected. Our results indicated that bitrophic exposure to activated Cry1Ac is likely to have little or no adverse ecological effect on C. sanguinea. 相似文献
187.
William Johnson Nagalla Balakrishna Paula L. Griffiths 《American journal of physical anthropology》2013,150(1):58-67
This article demonstrates the use of mixed effects models for characterizing individual and sample average growth curves based on serial anthropometric data. These models are advancement over conventional general linear regression because they effectively handle the hierarchical nature of serial growth data. Using body weight data on 70 infants in the Born in Bradford study, we demonstrate how a mixed effects model provides a better fit than a conventional regression model. Further, we demonstrate how mixed effects models can be used to explore the influence of environmental factors on the sample average growth curve. Analyzing data from 183 infant boys (aged 3–15 months) from rural South India, we show how maternal education shapes infant growth patterns as early as within the first 6 months of life. The presented analyses highlight the utility of mixed effects models for analyzing serial growth data because they allow researchers to simultaneously predict individual curves, estimate sample average curves, and investigate the effects of environmental exposure variables. Am J Phys Anthropol, 2013. © 2012 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. 相似文献
188.
Johann B?hm Frédéric Chevessier André?Maues De?Paula Catherine Koch Shahram Attarian Claire Feger Daniel Hanta? Pascal Laforêt Karima Ghorab Jean-Michel Vallat Michel Fardeau Dominique Figarella-Branger Jean Pouget Norma?B. Romero Marc Koch Claudine Ebel Nicolas Levy Martin Krahn Bruno Eymard Marc Bartoli Jocelyn Laporte 《American journal of human genetics》2013,92(2):271-278
Tubular aggregates are regular arrays of membrane tubules accumulating in muscle with age. They are found as secondary features in several muscle disorders, including alcohol- and drug-induced myopathies, exercise-induced cramps, and inherited myasthenia, but also exist as a pure genetic form characterized by slowly progressive muscle weakness. We identified dominant STIM1 mutations as a genetic cause of tubular-aggregate myopathy (TAM). Stromal interaction molecule 1 (STIM1) is the main Ca2+ sensor in the endoplasmic reticulum, and all mutations were found in the highly conserved intraluminal Ca2+-binding EF hands. Ca2+ stores are refilled through a process called store-operated Ca2+ entry (SOCE). Upon Ca2+-store depletion, wild-type STIM1 oligomerizes and thereby triggers extracellular Ca2+ entry. In contrast, the missense mutations found in our four TAM-affected families induced constitutive STIM1 clustering, indicating that Ca2+ sensing was impaired. By monitoring the calcium response of TAM myoblasts to SOCE, we found a significantly higher basal Ca2+ level in TAM cells and a dysregulation of intracellular Ca2+ homeostasis. Because recessive STIM1 loss-of-function mutations were associated with immunodeficiency, we conclude that the tissue-specific impact of STIM1 loss or constitutive activation is different and that a tight regulation of STIM1-dependent SOCE is fundamental for normal skeletal-muscle structure and function. 相似文献
189.
Michael Mueller Paula Barros Abigail?S. Witherden Amy?L. Roberts Zhou Zhang Helmut Schaschl Chack-Yung Yu Matthew?E. Hurles Catherine Schaffner R.?Andres Floto Laurence Game Karyn?Meltz Steinberg Richard?K. Wilson Tina?A. Graves Evan?E. Eichler H.?Terence Cook Timothy?J. Vyse Timothy?J. Aitman 《American journal of human genetics》2013,92(1):28-40
Reduced FCGR3B copy number is associated with increased risk of systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE). The five FCGR2/FCGR3 genes are arranged across two highly paralogous genomic segments on chromosome 1q23. Previous studies have suggested mechanisms for structural rearrangements at the FCGR2/FCGR3 locus and have proposed mechanisms whereby altered FCGR3B copy number predisposes to autoimmunity, but the high degree of sequence similarity between paralogous segments has prevented precise definition of the molecular events and their functional consequences. To pursue the genomic pathology associated with FCGR3B copy-number variation, we integrated sequencing data from fosmid and bacterial artificial chromosome clones and sequence-captured DNA from FCGR3B-deleted genomes to establish a detailed map of allelic and paralogous sequence variation across the FCGR2/FCGR3 locus. This analysis identified two highly paralogous 24.5 kb blocks within the FCGR2C/FCGR3B/FCGR2B locus that are devoid of nonpolymorphic paralogous sequence variations and that define the limits of the genomic regions in which nonallelic homologous recombination leads to FCGR2C/FCGR3B copy-number variation. Further, the data showed evidence of swapping of haplotype blocks between these highly paralogous blocks that most likely arose from sequential ancestral recombination events across the region. Functionally, we found by flow cytometry, immunoblotting and cDNA sequencing that individuals with FCGR3B-deleted alleles show ectopic presence of FcγRIIb on natural killer (NK) cells. We conclude that FCGR3B deletion juxtaposes the 5′-regulatory sequences of FCGR2C with the coding sequence of FCGR2B, creating a chimeric gene that results in an ectopic accumulation of FcγRIIb on NK cells and provides an explanation for SLE risk associated with reduced FCGR3B gene copy number. 相似文献
190.
Bianca C. Pérez Iva Fernandes Nuno Mateus Cátia Teixeira Paula Gomes 《Bioorganic & medicinal chemistry letters》2013,23(24):6769-6772
Cinnamic acids and quinolines are known as useful scaffolds in the discovery of antitumor agents. Therefore, N-cinnamoylated analogues of chloroquine, recently reported as potent dual-action antimalarials, were evaluated against three different cancer cell lines: MKN-28, Caco-2, and MCF-7. All compounds display anti-proliferative activity in the micromolar range against the three cell lines tested, and most of them were more active than their parent drug, chloroquine, against all cell lines tested. Hence, N-cinnamoyl-chloroquine analogues are a good start towards development of affordable antitumor leads. 相似文献