Raman spectroscopic studies of hen egg-white lysozyme at high temperatures and pressures

In situ high-temperature, high-pressure Raman experiments on 3 mM (pH 5) aqueous solutions of hen egg-white (HEW) lysozyme show a decrease in the relative height of the 505 cm^–1 band associated with S-S stretching vibrations at 72°C (1 bar). The peak height changes are accompanied by significant band broadening, and the integrated band intensity does not change within experimental error. The effect of increased pressure at 72°C was to hinder broadening of the 505 cm^–1 band. HEW lysozyme (2.4 mM,pH 5) was also heated at 76°C, 80°C, and 95°C for different periods of time, and aliquots were quenched to room temperature for Raman and enzymatic activity measurements. After 9 hr at 76°C, the protein exhibits enzyme activity less than 50% of the initial value, and approximately 50% reduction in activity is achieved after 3 hr at 80°C or 1 hr at 95°C. The Raman results suggest that different irreversibly denatured conformations are attained during prolonged exposures at these different temperatures. It is apparent from these studies that the S-S stretch intensity is decreased irreversibly.     

The occurrence and distribution of certain polypeptides within the human carotid body

Summary Both carotid bodies from 26 patients coming to necropsy were fixed in 10% neutral buffered formalin and sections 4 m thick were stained for various peptides by use of the immunogold technique. The results show that the human carotid body contains met- and leu-enkephalin, substance P, vasoactive intestinal peptide (VIP), neurotensin and bombesin. The distribution of these six peptides within the carotid body differs. Thus met- and leu-enkephalin are both present predominantly within glomic chief cells but with a marked tendency to favour the dark variant of these cells. Substance P and VIP both show a weak immunoreactivity in comparison to the enkephalins and are present in all three variants of chief cell. Neurotensin shows the weakest immunoreactivity of all and is restricted to a few glomic chief cells in a minority of cases. Bombesin also shows a weak immunoreactivity in glomic chief cells but a strong reaction in glomic arteries and arterioles. In these vessels bombesin appears to be confined to smooth muscle cells in the media but we cannot say whether it is secreted by them or merely bound to receptor sites on their membranes. These findings are related to quantitative data on the concentration of peptides in the human carotid body from a previous paper with which we were associated.     

Regeneration of a chimeric retina from single cells in vitro: cell-lineage-dependent formation of radial cell columns by segregated chick and quail cells

Summary We report here that similar to E6-chicken retinal cells, dissociated cells from 5.5-day-old (E5.5) quail retinae reaggregate in rotary culture, multiply about tenfold and reestablish histotypical areas. These cellular aggregates include all nuclear layers either with inversed or correct laminar polarity, depending on the local origin of the cells (called rosetted and laminar in-vitro-retinae (IVR), respectively; Layer and Willbold 1989). In combined cultures, chick and quail cells are evenly mixed only during the first two days of culture. Along with the assembly of single cells into rosettes and then into discrete laminae, sectors of chick and quail cells begin to segregate. They are delineated by borders running radially through all three nuclear layers. Thus, interspecies migration of cells at this advanced stage of differentiation is strongly inhibited. Concomitant with this segregation, coherent radial columns spanning all three layers but containing cells from either species only, can be traced histologically. We conclude that a weak segregation of chick and quail retinal cells takes place already at the single cell level, but that the permanent segregation of entire tissue parts must be due to clonal cellular proliferation within the IVR in conjunction with some developmental-structural mechanism retaining clonal progenies within a columnar order.Abbreviations ECM extracellular matrix - E5.5 days of embryonic age - GCL ganglion cell layer - GC's ganglion cells - i.c. in culture - INL inner nuclear layer - rosetted in-vitro-retina retinal cell organoid aggregated from single cells of the central retina - IPL inner plexiform layer - MRE marginal retinal epithelium - ONL outer nuclear layer - OPL outer plexiform layer - OS ora serrate - PR photoreceptor cell - laminated in-vitro-retina fully laminated retinal cellorganoid resembling an E15-retina aggregated from cells of the eye periphery including RPE - RPE retinal pigment epithelium     

Extracellular matrix influences hormone and protein production by human chorionic villi

Summary Increasing evidence confirms that the extracellular matrix greatly influences cell behaviour and function. Collagen and fibrin are in contact with trophoblast throughout pregnancy. To investigate whether these two matrices influence hormon production by the trophoblast, explants from first-trimester chorionic villi were cultured for up to 30 days either a) in medium with agitation, b) embedded in type-I collagen (three-dimensional gels), or c) embedded in fibrin (three-dimensional gels). The supernatant culture medium was changed every 48 h and tested by radioimmunoassay for hCG, progesterone and pregnancy-associated plasma protein A. In addition, after 3, 7, 15, and 30 days of culture villi were fixed and studied by light and electron microscopy. Embedding in the extracellular matrix showed higher and longer-lasting production rates of all measured products and superior structural preservation as compared to cultures with agitation. Collagen matrix proved to be superior to fibrin. As established by several tests, this difference was neither due to thrombin used to polymerize fibrinogen, nor to differences in the diffusion rates through the two different matrices used. We conclude that extracellular matrix, particularly collagen, influences the synthesis of trophoblastic products. Embedding of the villous explants in three-dimensional gels constitutes a new method for long-term cultures of chorionic villi.This study was presented at the workshop Placental-and decidual-specific protein synthesis and secretion: regulation, role and interaction, Zemun, Belgrade, Yugoslavia, 19–20 May, 1988 (Bischof and Castellucci 1988; see also J. Aplin 1989), and at the 11th Rochester Trophoblast Conference, Rochester, N.Y. USA, 9–12 October 1988 (Castellucci et al. 1988)     

Stereological study of gonadotropes in the frog,Rana pipiens,after GnRH stimulation in vitro

Summary Previous physiological results have indicated the existence of two releasable pools of gonadotropins in amphibian pituitaries: an acute releasable pool that appears independent of protein synthesis, and a storage pool involved in chronic release that depends on protein synthesis. To elucidate the ultrastructural localization of these pools and the morphological changes induced in gonadotrope cells after treatment with gonadotropin-releasing hormone, we carried out a morphometric study of immuno-identified gonadotrope cells using an in vitro superfusion system. Treatment with gonadotropin-releasing hormone induced a degranulation of small (110–255 nm) and medium (236–360 nm) secretory granules as well as hypertrophy of the endoplasmic reticulum and Golgi complex. Simultaneous incubation with gonadotropin-releasing hormone and cycloheximide inhibited the release of secretory granules although the endoplasmic reticulum and Golgi complex were hypertrophied. These morphological results strongly suggest: (1) that gonadotropin-releasing hormone induces degranulation and hypertrophy of the biosynthetic machinery in gonadotrope cells; and (2) that the activation of the endoplasmic reticulum and Golgi complex by stimulation with gonadotropin-releasing hormone is independent of protein synthesis, while the release of secretory granules is protein synthesis-dependent. In addition, the second or storage pool of gonadotropin is associated mainly with the small and medium secretory granules.     

Addition of interleukin-2in vitro augments detection of lymphokine-activated killer activity generatedin vivo

Summary Thein vivo administration of repetitive weekly cycles of interleukin-2 (IL-2) to patients with cancer enhances the ability of freshly obtained peripheral blood lymphocytes (PBL) to lyse both the natural-killer(NK)-susceptible K562 and the NK-resistant Daudi targets. Lysis of both targets is significantly augmented by inclusion of IL-2 in the medium during the cytotoxicity assay. This boost is much greater for cells obtained following thein vivo IL-2 therapy than for cells obtained prior to the initiation of therapy or for cells from healthy control donors. In addition to direct lytic activity, the PBL obtained followingin vivo IL-2 show a rapid increase in lymphokine-activated killer (LAK) activity with more prolongedin vitro IL-2 exposure, indicating that LAK effectors primedin vivo respond with secondary-like kinetics to subsequent IL-2in vitro. Lymphocytes from healthy control individuals, cultured in IL-2 under conditions attempting to simulate thein vivo IL-2 exposure, function similarly to PBL obtained from patients following IL-2, in that low-level LAK activity was significantly boosted by inclusion of IL-2 during the cytotoxic assay and the cells also responded with secondary-like kinetics to subsequent IL-2in vitro. The augmentation of the LAK effect was also dependent on the dose of IL-2 added during the 4-h⁵¹Cr-release cytotoxicity assay, with higher doses of IL-2 having a more pronounced effect. While continuous infusion of IL-2 induces a greater cytotoxic potential per milliliter of blood obtained from patients, the peak serum IL-2 levels attained are greater with bolus IL-2 infusions. These pharmacokinetic results, together with the IL-2 dose dependence of LAK activity generatedin vivo shown in this report, suggest that a combination of treatment with bolus IL-2 infusions superimposed on continuous IL-2 infusion may transiently expose IL-2 dependent LAK cells, activatedin vivo, to higher concentrations of IL-2, facilitating theirin vivo cytotoxic potential.This work was supported by NIH contract NO1 CM-47669-02, NIH grants CA-32685, RR-031086, NO1 CM-47669-03, and American Cancer Society grant CH-237     

Social organization and spawning in the Atlantic sharpnose puffer,Canthigaster rostrata (Tetraodontidae)

Synopsis Social organization and spawning in the sharpnose pufferCanthigaster rostrataere studied on a reef in the San Blas Islands, Panama. Sexes were dimorphic. In mixed coral and rubble habitat, females defended territories against other females and small males. From one to six female territories were included within the territories of certain large males. These haremic males visited their females and patrolled their territories throughout the day. Smaller, non-haremic males occupied territories or home ranges within or adjacent to those of haremic males or were wanderers. Spawning between a haremic male and a territorial female occurred within the female's territory. The female prepared an algal nest into which demersal eggs were deposited. There was no parental care. Eggs were spherical, translucent, and measured approximately 0.66 mm in diameter. Larvae were about 1.4 mm TL and closely resembled those of other species ofCanthigaster.     

A review of the in vitro and in vivo neurochemical characterization of the NMDA/PCP/Glycine/Ion channel receptor macrocomplex

Conclusions Current neurochemical studies of the NMDA receptor macromolecular complex are yielding new insights into the interactions of the subunits of this complex and the associated potential clinical benefits of selective modulation of these subnits. Such studies offer the great potential for a new generation of pharmacotherapies for a wide range of CNS disorders, including stroke, a condition for which there is currently no effective pharmacological treatment. However, it is essential to understand that the first generation products in this area may not be optimal pharmacotherapies, such that haracterization of possible receptor subtypes and understanding the molecular biology of the component proteins of the receptor complex will be crucial in the design of the optimal pharmacological modulators of the NMDA receptor complex.Special issue dedicated to Dr. Erminio Costa     

Morphological variation in diadromous and landlocked populations of the spotted galaxias,Galaxias truttaceus,in Tasmania,south-eastern Australia

Synopsis A comparison of a suite of morphometric measurements and meristic counts of individuals of two landlocked lacustrine and two diadromous riverine populations of Galaxias truttaceus was carried out utilising both univariate and canonical variate analyses. Lacustrine fish had fewer dorsal and anal fin rays than did riverine fish. Differences were not as clear for gill rakers and vertebrae. Comparisons of serial counts were made with two derived lacustrine species, G. auratus and G. tanycephalus, also from Tasmania. Lacustrine G. truttaceus varied in the same direction as the derived species, relative to riverine G. truttaceus. From an analysis of 12 body measurements, the first canonical variate clearly separated lacustrine fish from riverine fish largely based on measurements associated with fins (pre-anal fin length, length of anal base, pre-dorsal fin length, maximum length of dorsal fin and inter-orbital width). An overall value for the correct classification of fish into groups based on locality was 84%. The percentage of fish classified into the wrong habitat (lake or stream) was much less than the percentage classified between localities within habitats. Overall morphological variation was greater between than within habitats. It is suggested that the differences in water movement and food type may in part account for the differences shown and that selective pressures peculiar to the lacustrine environment may be causing the lake populations to diverge from the riverine populations.     

Plant regeneration by organogenesis in Vitis rootstock species

A procedure for the regeneration of Vitis rootstocks plantlets by organogenesis from foliar tissues is described. Leaves from mature plants grown in growth chambers or from plantlets grown in tubes were wounded with a scalpel and cultured on a modified Murashige and Skoog liquid medium containing different concentrations of benzyl-aminopurine. The presence of benzyl-aminopurine is required for shoot formation. The age of the source explant, the composition of the culture medium and the culture temperature are important parameters of the regeneration process.Abbreviations BA 6-benzyl-aminopurine - MS Murashige and Skoog medium - MM modified Murashige and Skoog medium