Arabidopsis MSI1 is required for epigenetic maintenance of reproductive development

WD40 repeat proteins similar to yeast MSI1 are conserved in animals and plants, in which they participate in complexes involved in chromatin metabolism. Although MSI1-like proteins are well characterised biochemically, their function in the development of multicellular eukaryotes is not well understood. We constructed Arabidopsis plants in which the AtMSI1 protein level was altered. Strong ectopic expression of AtMSI1 produced no visible altered phenotype, but reduction of AtMSI1 dramatically affected development. The primary shoot apical meristem was unable to develop organs after the transition to flowering. Flowers that developed on floral shoots from axillary meristems experienced a progressive loss of floral morphology, including a reduction in size of the petals and stamens and the development of carpel-like sepals. Ovule development was disrupted in all flowers, resulting in complete female sterility. Molecular analysis of the mutant plants revealed that AtMSI1 is required to maintain the correct temporal and organ-specific expression of homeotic genes, including AGAMOUS and APETALA2. In contrast, FAS1 and FAS2, which together with AtMSI1 form the chromatin assembly complex CAF-1, are not required for repression of these genes. Therefore, AtMSI1 has specific functions in addition to CAF-1-mediated chromatin assembly. Efficient formation of heterochromatin, but not methylation of centromeric DNA repeats, depends on AtMSI1 presence demonstrating a key role of AtMSI1 in maintenance of chromatin structure.     

Netrin binds discrete subdomains of DCC and UNC5 and mediates interactions between DCC and heparin

Netrins are secreted proteins that elicit both attractive and repulsive responses in migrating cells in the central and peripheral nervous systems. Netrins interact with members of two distinct families of transmembrane receptors, represented by DCC (deleted in colorectal cancer) and UNC5. A human netrin fragment (soluble netrin; sNetrin) was purified from an engineered Chinese hamster ovary cell line and used in a pull-down assay to map the interactions between netrin and its receptors. We find that sNetrin binds exclusively to the fifth fibronectin type III repeat of DCC and to each immunoglobulin repeat of UNC5. Both DCC and UNC5 bind to sNetrin with 1:1 stoichiometry in solution, and the minimal receptor fragments behave similarly to larger fragments in cross-linking experiments with purified sNetrin. We find no evidence for formation of a ternary complex between sNetrin and soluble forms of DCC and UNC5. We also find no evidence for an interaction between DCC and heparin and instead demonstrate that a loop on the fifth fibronectin type III repeat of DCC previously implicated in mediating interactions with heparin is important for sNetrin binding. Since netrin binds heparin, our results suggest that interactions between DCC and heparin are probably mediated by netrin.     

TSH signaling and cell survival in 3T3-L1 preadipocytes

Thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH) action in adipose tissue remains largely unknown. Our previous work indicates that human preadipocytes express functional TSH receptor (TSHR) protein, demonstrated by TSH activation of p70 S6 kinase (p70 S6K). We have now studied murine 3T3-L1 preadipocytes to further characterize TSH signaling and cellular action. Western blot analysis of 3T3-L1 preadipocyte lysate revealed the 100-kDa mature processed form of TSHR. TSH activated p70 S6K and protein kinase B (PKB/Akt), as measured by immunoblot analysis. Preincubation with wortmannin or LY-294002 completely blocked TSH activation of p70 S6K and PKB/Akt, implicating phosphoinositide 3-kinase (PI3K) in their regulation. TSH increased phosphotyrosine protein(s) in the 125-kDa region and augmented the associated PI3K activity fourfold. TSH had no effect on cAMP levels in 3T3-L1 preadipocytes, suggesting that adenylyl cyclase is not involved in TSH activation of the PI3K-PKB/Akt-p70 S6K pathway. 3T3-L1 preadipocyte cell death was reduced by 29-76% in serum-deprived (6 h) preadipocytes treated with 1-20 microM TSH. In the presence of 20 microM TSH, an 88% reduction in terminal deoxynucleotidyl transferase (TdT)-mediated dUTP nick end labeling (TUNEL)-positive cells was observed in serum-starved (3 h) 3T3-L1 preadipocytes as well as a 93% reduction in the level of cleaved activated caspase 3. In summary, TSH acts as a survival factor in 3T3-L1 preadipocytes. TSH does not stimulate cAMP accumulation in these cells but instead activates a PI3K-PKB/Akt-p70 S6K pathway.     

Direct measurement of the energy expenditure of physical activity in preterm infants

The energy cost of physical activity (EEA) has been estimated toaccount for 5-17% of total energy expenditure (TEE) in neonates. To directly measure EEA, a force plate was developed and validated tomeasure work outputs ranging from 0.3 to 40 kcal · kg¹ · day¹.By use of this force plate plus indirect calorimetry, TEE and EEA weremeasured and correlated with five activity states in 24 infants withgestational age of 31.6 ± 0.5 (SE) wk and postnatal age of 24.8 ± 3.7 days. TEE and EEA were 69.2 ± 1.5 and 2.4 ± 0.2 kcal · kg¹ · day¹,respectively. EEA per state was 0.5 ± 0.0 (quiet sleep), 2.4 ± 0.2 (active sleep), 2.8 ± 0.4 (quiet awake), 7.5 ± 0.8 (active awake), and 15.1 ± 2.3 (crying)kcal · kg¹ · day¹.This provides the first direct measurement of the contribution ofphysical activity to TEE in preterm infants and will enable measurementof caloric expenditure from muscle activity in various diseaseconditions and development of nursing strategies to minimize unnecessary energy losses.

     

Physical and Functional Interactions between the Herpes Simplex Virus UL15 and UL28 DNA Cleavage and Packaging Proteins

Herpes simplex virus (HSV) DNA is cleaved from concatemers and packaged into capsids in infected cell nuclei. This process requires seven viral proteins, including UL15 and UL28. UL15 expressed alone displays a nuclear localization, while UL28 remains cytoplasmic. Coexpression with UL15 enables UL28 to enter nuclei, suggesting an interaction between the two proteins. Additionally, UL28 copurified with UL15 from HSV-infected cells after ion-exchange and DNA affinity chromatography, and the complex sedimented as a 1:1 heterodimer upon sucrose gradient centrifugation. These findings are evidence of a physical interaction of UL15 and UL28 and a functional role for UL15 in directing UL28 to the nucleus.     

Formic acid treatment for control of Varroa destructor (Mesostigmata: Varroidae) and safety to Apis mellifera (Hymenoptera: Apidae) under southern United States conditions

The efficacy of a formic acid pad formulation was field tested for control of the honey bee parasitic mite Varroa destructor Anderson & Trueman in Florida and Texas. This pad formulation gave 39.8 +/- 11.1% control at the end of a 6-wk treatment period, which did not significantly differ from the initial sample date. Coumaphos treatment provided poor control (38.4 +/- 11.1%) over the 6-wk period, confirming reports of coumaphos resistance in the region. Under relatively warm winter conditions in southern Texas, formic acid caused mortality of developing eggs and brood. If resistance by V. destructor to the two acaricides registered for its control in the United States continues, the formic acid pad could provide an alternative compound to use as part of an integrated pest management approach. Given the low control seen in this trial, however, modifications of application technology would seem necessary.     

Effect of Antioxidant Diets on Mitochondrial Gene Expression in Rat Brain During Aging

Age-related increase of reactive oxygen species (ROS) is particularly detrimental in postmitotic tissues. Calorie restriction (CR) has been shown to exert beneficial effects, consistent with reduced ROS generation by mitochondria. Many antioxidant compounds also mimic such effects. N-acetyl cysteine (NAC) provides thiol groups to glutathione and to mitochondrial respiratory chain proteins; thus, it may counteract both ROS generation and effects. In the present study we investigated, in different rat brain areas during aging (6, 12, and 28 months), the effect of 1-year treatment with CR and dietary supplementation with NAC on the expression of subunit 39 kDa and ND-1 (mitochondrial respiratory complex I), subunit IV (complex IV), subunit α of F₀F₁-ATP synthase (complex V) and of adenine nucleotide translocator, isoform 1 (ANT-1). The observed age-related changes of expression were prevented by the dietary treatments. The present study provides further evidence for the critical role of mitochondria in the aging process.     

Role of learning of open arm avoidance in the phenomenon of one-trial tolerance to the anxiolytic effect of chlordiazepoxide in mice

A single exposure to the elevated plus-maze (EPM) test of anxiety reduces or abolishes the anxiolytic efficacy of benzodiazepines on a second trial. Some possible explanations to the occurrence of this phenomenon (one-trial tolerance-OTT) involve behavioral modifications thought to be consequence of some kind of learning in the first trial. In the present study, the influence of learning-impairing situations on the effects of the benzodiazepine chlordiazepoxide on mice re-tested in the EPM is investigated. The results showed that: (1) as expected, the administration of chlordiazepoxide to mice re-tested in the EPM- under the same conditions of the first trial- failed to induce anxiolysis; (2) a decreased percent time in the open arms was observed on the second trial of mice exposed to both trials under the same experimental conditions; (3) neither the increase in open arm avoidance by mice re-exposed to the EPM nor the OTT to chlordiazepoxide effect were modified by administration of the amnestic agent scopolamine; (4) the decrement of the duration of the first trial to 1 min or the change in light and noise conditions in both trials counteracted the increase in open arm avoidance on trial 2; (5) none of the later procedures modified the phenomenon of OTT. Although not discarding the modulation exerted by other memory processes in the OTT phenomenon, the results indicate that situations that impair the learned avoidance response to the open arms in the EPM do not modify the phenomenon of OTT.