全文获取类型
收费全文 | 9924篇 |
免费 | 910篇 |
国内免费 | 3篇 |
出版年
2023年 | 33篇 |
2022年 | 68篇 |
2021年 | 193篇 |
2020年 | 85篇 |
2019年 | 135篇 |
2018年 | 150篇 |
2017年 | 133篇 |
2016年 | 270篇 |
2015年 | 427篇 |
2014年 | 507篇 |
2013年 | 613篇 |
2012年 | 781篇 |
2011年 | 731篇 |
2010年 | 502篇 |
2009年 | 487篇 |
2008年 | 618篇 |
2007年 | 611篇 |
2006年 | 543篇 |
2005年 | 538篇 |
2004年 | 502篇 |
2003年 | 486篇 |
2002年 | 429篇 |
2001年 | 142篇 |
2000年 | 120篇 |
1999年 | 146篇 |
1998年 | 111篇 |
1997年 | 84篇 |
1996年 | 73篇 |
1995年 | 73篇 |
1994年 | 67篇 |
1993年 | 80篇 |
1992年 | 85篇 |
1991年 | 86篇 |
1990年 | 61篇 |
1989年 | 61篇 |
1988年 | 59篇 |
1987年 | 57篇 |
1986年 | 50篇 |
1985年 | 40篇 |
1984年 | 33篇 |
1983年 | 36篇 |
1982年 | 28篇 |
1981年 | 35篇 |
1979年 | 34篇 |
1978年 | 44篇 |
1977年 | 30篇 |
1976年 | 24篇 |
1975年 | 35篇 |
1973年 | 36篇 |
1971年 | 27篇 |
排序方式: 共有10000条查询结果,搜索用时 15 毫秒
21.
A new protein crosslinking agent, 2,3-dibromopropionyl-N-hydroxysuccinimide ester, has been synthesized and characterized. The potential use of this compound as a temperature-controllable heterobifunctional crosslinking agent has been investigated using model systems and its reactivity compared with that of chlorambucil-N-hydroxysuccinimide ester. The coupling of14C-labeled phenylethylamine to lysozyme has been used to illustrate the feasibility of the use of this crosslinking agent for the synthesis of immunotoxins. 相似文献
22.
Extracts of soybean tissue are treated with an acidic cation-exchange resin to remove amino acids. The sample is treated with hypochlorite, pH 4.0, to convert the amide from allantoic acid or allantoin to products that react with alkaline phenol to form indophenol. The procedure is inexpensive, sensitive, and rapid. The method may be adapted for automated analysis with the Technicon autoanalyzer. 相似文献
23.
24.
Julie Watrin Anne-Marie Lézine Konrad Gajewski Annie Vincens 《Journal of Biogeography》2007,34(3):489-499
Aim To demonstrate that incorporating the bioclimatic range of possible contributor plants leads to improved accuracy in interpreting the palaeoclimatic record of taxonomically complex pollen types.
Location North Tropical Africa.
Methods The geographical ranges of selected African plants were extracted from the literature and geo-referenced. These plant ranges were compared with the pollen percentages obtained from a network of surface sediments. Climate-response surfaces were graphed for each pollen taxon and each corresponding plant species.
Results Several patterns can be identified, including taxa for which the pollen and plant distributions coincide, and others where the range limits diverge. Some pollen types display a reduced climate range compared with that of the corresponding plant species, due to low pollen production and/or dispersal. For other taxa, corresponding to high pollen producers such as pioneer taxa, pollen types display a larger climatic envelope than that of the corresponding plants. The number of species contained in a pollen taxon is an important factor, as the botanical species included in a taxon may have different geographical and climate distributions.
Main conclusions The comparison between pollen and plant distributions is an essential step towards more precise vegetation and climate reconstructions in Africa, as it identifies taxa that have a high correspondence between pollen and plant distribution patterns. Our method is a useful tool to reassess biome reconstructions in Africa and to characterize accurately the vegetation and climate conditions at a regional scale, from pollen data. 相似文献
Location North Tropical Africa.
Methods The geographical ranges of selected African plants were extracted from the literature and geo-referenced. These plant ranges were compared with the pollen percentages obtained from a network of surface sediments. Climate-response surfaces were graphed for each pollen taxon and each corresponding plant species.
Results Several patterns can be identified, including taxa for which the pollen and plant distributions coincide, and others where the range limits diverge. Some pollen types display a reduced climate range compared with that of the corresponding plant species, due to low pollen production and/or dispersal. For other taxa, corresponding to high pollen producers such as pioneer taxa, pollen types display a larger climatic envelope than that of the corresponding plants. The number of species contained in a pollen taxon is an important factor, as the botanical species included in a taxon may have different geographical and climate distributions.
Main conclusions The comparison between pollen and plant distributions is an essential step towards more precise vegetation and climate reconstructions in Africa, as it identifies taxa that have a high correspondence between pollen and plant distribution patterns. Our method is a useful tool to reassess biome reconstructions in Africa and to characterize accurately the vegetation and climate conditions at a regional scale, from pollen data. 相似文献
25.
26.
EVOLUTIONARY AND GEOGRAPHIC TRENDS IN ADAPTIVE WOOD ANATOMY IN ERIASTRUM DENSIFOLIUM (POLEMONIACEAE)
Anatomical features of Eriastrum densifolium populations in southern California show variation that correlates well with ecological setting and geographical distribution. Vessel element size and density in shoots suggest strong adaptation among different subspecies to efficient water movement in different habitats. Indices of mesomorphy, devised by Carlquist to indicate relative adaptivity of wood, likewise show considerable variation among populations, suggesting that different subspecies have anatomical components that can define them. Relationships among the five subspecies of E. densifolium may be explored through MI value relationships. 相似文献
27.
Correlation of changes in cardiac calcium channels with hemodynamics in Syrian hamster cardiomyopathy and heart failure 总被引:2,自引:0,他引:2
M S Finkel E S Marks R E Patterson E H Speir K A Steadman H R Keiser 《Life sciences》1987,41(2):153-159
We compared hemodynamics with [3H]nitrendipine (calcium channel) binding to cardiac membranes from Bio 14.6 cardiomyopathic Syrian hamsters at 4 and 10 months with their F1B controls. A 50% increase in the number (Bmax) of nitrendipine binding sites (calcium channels) was seen only in the 4 month old myopathic vs controls (Bmax = 468 +/- 11 vs 309 +/- 10 fmol/mg prot with no change in affinity (KD) (KD = .65 +/- .12 vs .75 +/- .14 nM), while no differences in Bmax or KD were seen at 10 months (Bmax = 375 +/- 9 vs 362 +/- 7 fmol/mg prot/KD = .82 +/- .18 vs .89 +/- .17 nM) myopathic vs control respectively. Hemodynamic studies revealed no significant differences in cardiac output, cardiac index, stroke volume, heart rate, mean arterial pressure, peripheral resistance, body weight, heart weight at 4 months, but a significant decrease in peripheral resistance (1120 +/- 360 vs 2080 +/- 240) increase in body weight (118 +/- 2 vs 94 +/- 2 grams) and heart weight (97 +/- 5 vs 78 +/- 2 gms/100 gms body weight) in 10 month myopathic vs control animals. We conclude that the onset of cardiomyopathy at 4 months is associated with a selective increase in calcium channel binding sites and heart failure at 10 months is associated with a relative decrease in these sites. 相似文献
28.
M Fields C G Lewis T Beal D Scholfield K Patterson J C Smith S Reiser 《Proceedings of the Society for Experimental Biology and Medicine. Society for Experimental Biology and Medicine (New York, N.Y.)》1987,186(2):183-187
The present investigation was undertaken to establish whether the severity of copper deficiency in rats fed diets containing fructose is affected by the presence and type of endogenous sex hormones. Intact and castrated male rats and intact and ovariectomized females were fed from weaning a copper-deficient diet (0.6 ppm) containing 62% fructose for 8 weeks. Regardless of castration, male rats were anemic, exhibited heart hypertrophy, and died of the deficiency. However, castration ameliorated the anemia and delayed the mortality. In contrast, none of the females died of the deficiency. It is suggested that in addition to the sex of the animal, levels of testosterone in the male may also play a role in the severity of copper deficiency. 相似文献
29.
Differences in monoamine oxidase activity between cultured noradrenergic and cholinergic sympathetic neurons 总被引:1,自引:0,他引:1
Two types of monoamine oxidase activity (MAO-A and MAO-B) help regulate the levels of biogenic amines such as catecholamines and serotonin. Although MAO-A has greater activity toward most catecholamines than MAO-B, no direct experiments have determined the types and levels of MAO activity that are normally expressed in noradrenergic neurons. Noradrenergic neurons from neonatal rat superior cervical ganglia were isolated and cultured under conditions that permit either continued expression of the noradrenergic phenotype or promote a transition to a predominantly cholinergic phenotype. After 14-21 days in vitro, neurons from both types of cultures were assayed for the type and amount of monoamine oxidase activity using tryptamine, a common substrate for both MAO-A and MAO-B. Neurons cultured under noradrenergic conditions expressed sevenfold greater MAO activity than neurons cultured under cholinergic conditions. Essentially all MAO activity in the noradrenergic cultures was inhibited by preincubation with 10(-8)-10(-9) M clorgyline, which indicated that this activity was primarily MAO-A. Cultures grown under cholinergic conditions exhibited 6- to 10-fold lower MAO-A activity and an 8- to 10-fold lower level of catecholamine synthesis from labeled precursors compared to neurons grown under noradrenergic conditions. These results directly demonstrate that high MAO-A activity is expressed in noradrenergic neurons in vitro. The corresponding decreases in both MAO-A specific activity and catecholamine synthesis as neurons become cholinergic in vitro suggest that the expression of the noradrenergic phenotype involves the coordinate regulation of degradative as well as synthetic enzymes involved in catecholamine metabolism. 相似文献
30.
The human alpha satellite repetitive DNA family is organized as distinct chromosome-specific subsets localized to the centromeric region of each chromosome. Here, we report he isolation and characterization of cloned repeat units which define a hierarchical subset of alpha satellite on human chromosome 1. This subset is characterized by a 1.9-kb higher-order repeat unit which consists of 11 tandem approximately 171-bp alpha satellite monomer repeat units. The higher-order repeat unit is itself tandemly repeated, present in at least 100 copies at the centromeric region of chromosome 1. Using pulsed-field gel electrophoresis we estimate the total array length of these tandem sequences at the centromere of chromosome 1 to be several hundred kilobase pairs. Under conditions of high stringency, the higher-order repeat probe hybridizes specifically to chromosome 1 and can be used to detect several associated restriction fragment length DNA polymorphisms. As such, this probe may be useful for molecular and genetic analyses of the centromeric region of human chromosome 1. 相似文献