全文获取类型
收费全文 | 18158篇 |
免费 | 1555篇 |
国内免费 | 8篇 |
出版年
2023年 | 90篇 |
2022年 | 194篇 |
2021年 | 398篇 |
2020年 | 228篇 |
2019年 | 282篇 |
2018年 | 360篇 |
2017年 | 313篇 |
2016年 | 494篇 |
2015年 | 840篇 |
2014年 | 920篇 |
2013年 | 1086篇 |
2012年 | 1458篇 |
2011年 | 1332篇 |
2010年 | 884篇 |
2009年 | 849篇 |
2008年 | 1109篇 |
2007年 | 1129篇 |
2006年 | 1005篇 |
2005年 | 1041篇 |
2004年 | 943篇 |
2003年 | 865篇 |
2002年 | 844篇 |
2001年 | 168篇 |
2000年 | 137篇 |
1999年 | 205篇 |
1998年 | 244篇 |
1997年 | 165篇 |
1996年 | 147篇 |
1995年 | 112篇 |
1994年 | 123篇 |
1993年 | 120篇 |
1992年 | 114篇 |
1991年 | 92篇 |
1990年 | 122篇 |
1989年 | 105篇 |
1988年 | 89篇 |
1987年 | 98篇 |
1986年 | 54篇 |
1985年 | 90篇 |
1984年 | 101篇 |
1983年 | 62篇 |
1982年 | 80篇 |
1981年 | 76篇 |
1980年 | 57篇 |
1979年 | 53篇 |
1978年 | 38篇 |
1977年 | 37篇 |
1976年 | 36篇 |
1974年 | 29篇 |
1970年 | 21篇 |
排序方式: 共有10000条查询结果,搜索用时 15 毫秒
101.
102.
Patrick A. Ryan 《Environmental Biology of Fishes》1986,15(1):47-58
Synopsis An approximately monthly sampling programme in Lake Ellesmere, Canterbury, New Zealand, from January 1974 to April 1976 yielded
487 eels. The stomachs were fixed in 10% neutralised formalin and the contents examined. Preliminary analysis indicated that
the mollusc Potamopyrgus antipodarum, the isopod Austridotea annectens, the mysid Tenagomysis chiltoni, the amphipod Paracalliope fluviatilis, the midge larva Chironomus zealandicus and the teleosts Retropinna retropinna, Galaxias maculatus and Gobiomorphus cotidianus together made up the bulk of the diet. The pre-ingested dry weight (i.e. the reconstructed weight) of the most important
of these prey species was obtained by relating the length of a digestion resistant part to actual dry weight in field collected
specimens. Regression equations for this relationship in each season enabled the reconstructed dry weight of each stomach
item to be calculated. In some instances reconstructed weight was less than the actual digested dry weight of the prey specimen.
In every case the larger value was used. This method is referred to as Combination Dry Weight (CDW) and is believed to be
new. These data, used in conjunction with the energy content of the species concerned, enabled the caloric dietary contribution
of each prey species to be determined. Comparison of relative contribution to eel diet between CDW and energy values calculated
from CDW and bomb calorimetry revealed large differences. Marked variations in diet between ⩽40 cm, 40.1–50 cm, and>50.1 cm
size classes were also shown. Eels ≤40 cm feed primarily on invertebrates and become progressively more piscivorous as they
grow. Eels >50.1 cm are almost entirely piscivorous. Seasonal differences in diet also exist within each size class examined. 相似文献
103.
Confirmation of Occurrence of Hydroxamate Siderophores in Soil by a Novel Escherichia coli Bioassay 总被引:5,自引:3,他引:2
下载免费PDF全文
![点击此处可从《Applied microbiology》网站下载免费的PDF全文](/ch/ext_images/free.gif)
The occurrence of ferrichrome-type hydroxamate siderophores in soil was confirmed. In the presence of the iron-scavenging chelator ethylenediamine[di(o-hydroxyphenylacetic)acid], soil extract stimulated the growth of an Escherichia coli strain possessing the ferrichrome transport protein (TonA) but did not stimulate growth of a strain lacking this protein (TonA−). The siderophore concentration in a 1:1 (soil-water) extract was estimated to be approximately 78 nM. Specificity of the assay was supported by the absence of significant differential strain responses to ferric citrate, ferric 2,3-dihydroxybenzoate, enterochelin, ferrioxamine B, coprogen, and triacetylfusigen. 相似文献
104.
Influence of malnutrition and alterations in dietary protein on murine rotaviral disease 总被引:1,自引:0,他引:1
R L Noble R W Sidwell A W Mahoney B B Barnett R S Spendlove 《Proceedings of the Society for Experimental Biology and Medicine. Society for Experimental Biology and Medicine (New York, N.Y.)》1983,173(3):417-426
The possible correlation between malnutrition and degree of severity of rotavirus-associated infantile diarrhea which appears to occur in human populations was studied using a mouse model. To determine the effects of general malnutrition or altered levels of dietary protein, female mice were fed throughout pregnancy and infection periods with diets diluted with 0, 300, or 600 g glucose/kg, designated as normal nutrient to calorie ratio (N/C) diet, 70% N/C diet, or 40% N/C diet or with diets containing 75, 150, or 300 g casein/kg, as low-, normal-, or high-protein diets. Murine rotavirus was given by gavage to the 2-day-old offspring of these dams, and the extent of infection determined. Marked increases in severity of diarrheal disease were seen in the infants from dams receiving the 40 and 70% N/C diets and the low-protein diet. Severity of infection was seen as increased deaths, reduced weight gain, and increased passage of diarrheic feces. Intestinal viral levels and intestinal diarrhea scores did not vary appreciably. Serum interferon remained below detectable limits throughout the studies, but serum antibody was determined in dams 30 days post-virus exposure. The latter titers were lower in the infected mice from dams fed the 40 and 70% N/C diets, but were essentially the same in all the protein diet groups. Cross-fostering was done using the 40 and 100% N/C diets, wherein mice from dams fed either diet were placed on mothers fed the opposite diet. Increased severity of infection was again seen when the virus was given 2 days after the exchange, although the greatest infection occurred in animals from dams fed 40% N/C diet which were then fostered by other similarly fed dams. The increased host sensitivity to the rotaviral infection appeared to be a result of both pre- and postnatal dietary effects. 相似文献
105.
The effect of grazing on primary productivity and phosphorus cycling in autotrophic streams was studied using the snail Goniobasis clavaeformes. Snails were added to each of three replicate laboratory stream channels, receiving once-through flow of groundwater, in densities of 2.1, 3.0, and 4.2 g ash free dry mass (AFDM)/m2. A fourth channel received no snails and served as an ungrazed control. Presence of snail grazers resulted in a large reduction in aufwuchs biomass, primary productivity, and biotic phosphorus uptake; a modest reduction in fine particulate organic matter (FPOM); and an increase in the fraction of stream particulate organic matter (POM) exported as seston. Although primary production and aufwuchs biomass continued to decline with increasing snail density, phosphorus uptake increased. This increased phosphorus uptake is attributed to abiotic sorption to inorganic surfaces exposed as a result of efficient removal of aufwuchs at high snail densities. Although snail densities were chosen to bracket the density measured in a natural stream, the experimental densities may result in considerably higher grazing pressure on aufwuchs due to the absence of alternate food sources (e.g., coarse particulate organic matter) usually found in natural streams. Presence of snail grazers increased the spiralling length of phosphorus, primarily by reducing aufwuchs biomass and consequently reducing uptake of phosphorus from the water. Presence of snails also increased downstream transport velocity of phosphorus bound to organic particles. These results follow the patterns predicted in a previous theoretical analysis for mildly phosphorus-limited streams. 相似文献
106.
Thermotropic lipid phase separations in human platelet and rat liver plasma membranes 总被引:2,自引:0,他引:2
Larry M. Gordon Patrick W. Mobley Judy A. Esgate Gary Hofmann Anthony D. Whetton Miles D. Houslay 《The Journal of membrane biology》1983,76(2):139-149
Electron spin resonance (ESR) studies were conducted on human platelet plasma membranes using 5-nitroxide stearate, I(12,3). The polarity-corrected order parameter S and polarity-uncorrected order parameters S(T parallel) and S(T perpendicular) were independent of probe concentration at low I(12.3)/membrane protein ratios. At higher ratios, S and S(T perpendicular) decreased with increasing probe concentration while S(T parallel) remained unchanged. This is the result of enhanced radical interactions due to probe clustering. A lipid phase separation occurs in platelet membranes that segregates I(12,3) for temperatures less than 37 degrees C. As Arrhenius plots of platelet acid phosphatase activity exhibit a break at 35 to 36 degrees C, this enzyme activity may be influenced by the above phase separation. Similar experiments were performed on native [cholesterol/phospholipid ratio (C/P) = 0.71] and cholesterol-enriched [C/P = 0.85] rat liver plasma membranes. At 36 degrees C, cholesterol loading reduces I(12,3) flexibility and decreases the probe ratio at which radical interactions are apparent. The latter effects are attributed to the formation of cholesterol-rich lipid domains, and to the inability of I(12,3) to partition into these domains because of steric hinderance. Cholesterol enrichment increases both the high temperature onset of the phase separation occurring in liver membranes from 28 degrees to 37 degrees C and the percentage of probe-excluding, cholesterol-rich lipid domains at elevated temperatures. A model is discussed attributing the lipid phase separation in native liver plasma membranes to cholesterol-rich and -poor domains. As I(12,3) behaves similarly in cholesterol-enriched liver and human platelet plasma membranes, cholesterol-rich and -poor domains probably exist in both systems at physiologic temperatures. 相似文献
107.
108.
109.
THE DEGENERATIVE CHANGES IN PANCREATIC ACINAR CELLS CAUSED BY DL-ETHIONINE 总被引:24,自引:3,他引:21
下载免费PDF全文
![点击此处可从《The Journal of cell biology》网站下载免费的PDF全文](/ch/ext_images/free.gif)
Degeneration of pancreatic acinar cells in rats injected with ethionine was studied by electron microscopy. The most conspicuous morphologic lesions occurred in the ergastoplasm. There was a widening of the endoplasmic reticulum, a decrease in number of membrane-associated ribosomes, and a development of fine and coarse vacuoles containing agranular disoriented membranes. Cytoplasmic ribosomes unassociated with membranes were less numerous. Nuclear changes consisted of a coarsening and clumping of the nuclear chromatin, chromatin margination, and increased osmiophilia and vacuolation of the nucleolus. Eight to ten days after the beginning of ethionine injections, changes in zymogen granules, mitochondria, and the Golgi apparatus appeared, but only after extensive damage to the acinar cell. The effects were consistent with ethionine's known interference with protein metabolism but also suggest disturbance in ribonucleic acid metabolism. The ergastoplasmic changes after ethionine were similar in some respects to the early lesions produced in liver parenchymal cells by fasting, to the changes occurring in animals on protein-free diets, or to some of the liver changes produced by azo dye carcinogens. The ribosomal and ergastoplasmic changes represent early morphologic expressions of the biochemical effect of ethionine. 相似文献
110.
S J Patrick 《Canadian journal of biochemistry》1966,44(1):27-33