Substantial quantities of the high energy derivative oligophosphoglyceroyl-ATP are located in mitochondria in rat liver

Perfusion with [8-14C]adenosine demonstrated the likely existence in rat liver of oligophosphoglyceroyl-ATP (OPG-ATP). Purification followed by assay with a new specific 3' phosphodiesterase confirmed this. The quantities present were 5-10-fold those found previously and comparable to total soluble nucleotides. OPG-ATP was also purified from the mitochondrial fraction, shown to co-distribute with succinate dehydrogenase and can be co-purified with an enzyme confined to intermembrane space.     

Purification of the arom multienzyme aggregate from Euglena gracilis.

The arom multienzyme complex that catalyzes steps two through six in the prechorismate polyaromatic amino acid biosynthetic pathway has been purified up to 2000-fold from Euglena gracilis. The native arom aggregate has a molecular weight of approx. 249 000 based on a sedimentation coefficient of 9.5 and Stokes radius of 60 angstrom. A comparison between the arom aggregates of Neurospora crassa and Euglena gracilis and the possible phylogenetic relationships between the organisms are discussed.     

Localization of the nucleolar organizer by computer-aided analysis of a variant no. 21 in a human isolate

Summary A variant chromosome no. 21 consisting of two stalks and two satellites in tandem was detected during a survey of a human isolate. The variant segregated in three generations of a large kindred. One male had the variant no. 21, a metacentric Y, and a 47, XXY complement; however, no other evidence of chromosomal nondisjunction was found. Computer-aided analysis of sequentially stained variant no. 21 chromosomes indicated that silver-stained material corresponded to the proximal stalk region (as defined defined by Giemsa). These data support the hypothesis that human nucleolar organizers are localized to the stalks of acrocentric chromosomes.     

Response of fibrinolytic activity to venous occlusion.

Resting fibrinolytic activity and the response of the fibrinolytic system to venous occlusion were studied in a group of healthy middle-aged men. All subjects showed increased fibrinolytic activity but of varying degrees. There was a linear relationship between resting and occluded levels of fibrinolytic activity but many subjects with lower levels of fibrinolytic activity showed an anomalous response. Responses over the expected level were more common than unexpectedly low levels of response. Fibrinogen and plasminogen concentrations were inversely correlated with fibrinolytic activity.     

Follistatin Protein Enhances Satellite Cell Counts in Reinnervated Muscle

Background Muscle recovery following peripheral nerve repair is sup-optimal. Follistatin (FST), a potent muscle stimulant, enhances muscle size and satellite cell counts following reinnervation when administered as recombinant FST DNA via viral vectors. Local administration of recombinant FST protein, if effective, would be more clinically translatable but has yet to be investigated following muscle reinnervation. Objective  The aim of this study is to assess the effect of direct delivery of recombinant FST protein on muscle recovery following muscle reinnervation. Materials and Methods  In total, 72 Sprague-Dawley rats underwent temporary (3 or 6 months) denervation or sham denervation. After reinnervation, rats received FST protein (isoform FS-288) or sham treatment via a subcutaneous osmotic pump delivery system. Outcome measures included muscle force, muscle histomorphology, and FST protein quantification. Results  Follistatin treatment resulted in smaller muscles after 3 months denervation ( p  = 0.019) and reduced force after 3 months sham denervation ( p  < 0.001). Conversely, after 6 months of denervation, FST treatment trended toward increased force output ( p  = 0.066). Follistatin increased satellite cell counts after denervation ( p  < 0.001) but reduced satellite cell counts after sham denervation ( p  = 0.037). Conclusion  Follistatin had mixed effects on muscle weight and force. Direct FST protein delivery enhanced satellite cell counts following reinnervation. The positive effect on the satellite cell population is intriguing and warrants further investigation.     

In silico Structure Modeling and Comparative Analysis of Characterization Properties of Protein Polymers Useful for Protein-Based Nano Particulate Drug Delivery Systems (NPDDS): A Bioinformatics Approach

With an increasing interest in nanoparticulate delivery systems, there is a greater need to identify biomaterials that are biocompatible and safe for human applications. Protein polymers from animal and plant sources are promising materials for designing nanocarriers. Composition of the protein plays an important role for specific drug delivery applications such as drug release, targeting, and stimuli responsive drug release. An important issue in protein polymers is characteristics such as size, charge, and hydrophobicity may play a significant role in phagocytic uptake and initiating a subsequent immune response. This remains to be investigated systematically by analyzing factors that influence nanoparticle characteristics of protein and reduce phagocytic uptake and does not initiate immune response too. Although protein polymers are biodegradable, it is essential to ensure that there must not be premature enzymatic breakdown of the protein nanoparticles in the systemic circulation. Surface modification of the protein nanoparticles can be used to address this issue to propose the necessary modification in the surface of the protein would be great contribution in the nano particulate drug delivery systems (NPPDS). Of the various proteins, gelatin and albumin have been widely studied for drug delivery applications. Plant proteins are yet to be investigated widely for drug delivery applications so there is need to find out the plant proteins capable to act as nanoparticles. The commercial success of albumin-based nanoparticles has created an interest in other proteins. An increased understanding of the physicochemical properties coupled with the developments in rDNA technology will open up new opportunities for protein-based nanoparticulate systems. In the present studies several proteins currently useful for drug delivery system were structurally modeled and has been analyzed to propose the essential characteristics of protein for protein-based NPDDS.     

Reproducibility of swallow-induced cortical BOLD positive and negative fMRI activity

Functional MRI (fMRI) studies have demonstrated that a number of brain regions (cingulate, insula, prefrontal, and sensory/motor cortices) display blood oxygen level-dependent (BOLD) positive activity during swallow. Negative BOLD activations and reproducibility of these activations have not been systematically studied. The aim of our study was to investigate the reproducibility of swallow-related cortical positive and negative BOLD activity across different fMRI sessions. We studied 16 healthy volunteers utilizing an fMRI event-related analysis. Individual analysis using a general linear model was used to remove undesirable signal changes correlated with motion, white matter, and cerebrospinal fluid. The group analysis used a mixed-effects multilevel model to identify active cortical regions. The volume and magnitude of a BOLD signal within each cluster was compared between the two study sessions. All subjects showed significant clustered BOLD activity within the known areas of cortical swallowing network across both sessions. The cross-correlation coefficient of percent fMRI signal change and the number of activated voxels across both positive and negative BOLD networks were similar between the two studies (r ≥ 0.87, P < 0.0001). Swallow-associated negative BOLD activity was comparable to the well-defined "default-mode" network, and positive BOLD activity had noticeable overlap with the previously described "task-positive" network. Swallow activates two parallel cortical networks. These include a positive and a negative BOLD network, respectively, correlated and anticorrelated with swallow stimulus. Group cortical activity maps, as well as extent and amplitude of activity induced by volitional swallowing in the cortical swallowing network, are reproducible between study sessions.     

Incorporation of terminal phosphorothioates into oligonucleotides.

Considerable effort has been directed towards studying the structure and function of oligonucleotides and several approaches rely on the attachment of reporter groups to oligonucleotides. We report here the introduction of 3'- and 5'-terminal phosphorothioates into heptameric oligonucleotides and their post-synthetic modification with several reporter groups. The synthesis of terminal phosphorothioates is based on the coupling of a ribonucleoside phosphoramidite at the first or last nucleotide, respectively, which, after sulphurization, is removed by sequential oxidation of the vicinal hydroxyl groups and then beta-elimination. Product formation is of the order of 95%. The ratio of phosphorothioate- versus phosphate-terminated oligodeoxynucleotides as analysed by electrophoresis on a Hg2+gel is in general 85/15. Examples for the reactivity of the terminal phosphorothioates for conjugation with cholesterol, bimane and for sulphydryl exchange are described.