Selection of dieldrin-resistant strains of Lucilia cuprina (Diptera: Calliphoridae) after ethyl methanesulfonate mutagenesis of a susceptible strain.

After ethyl methanesulfonate (EMS) mutagenesis of a susceptible strain (SWT), selective screening of Lucilia cuprina (Wiedemann) resulted in four strains that were resistant to the insecticide dieldrin. Concentrations used for selection were greater than LC99 of susceptible phenotypes. No resistant variants were screened from the standard laboratory strain (SWT) not treated with EMS. The resistance phenotypes of the four resistant strains were similar to each other and to that of a field-selected resistant strain. The genetic basis of resistance is monogenic in all strains and the data are consistent with the same locus, Rdl, determining resistance status in each strain. The Rdl locus maps to chromosome V, approximately 3.5 map units distal to the Sut locus. Dieldrin resistance may be caused by less effective blocking of insect neuronal GABA receptors by the chemical in resistant strains. The data indicate that the evolution of resistance to an insecticide in the field may be constrained by a limited number of genetical and biochemical options if a monogenic response is selected for and that the spontaneous mutation rate to the Rdl allele is less than 1 in 10(6) in the laboratory.     

Coccidian assemblages in the Wyoming ground squirrel, Spermophilus elegans elegans.

One thousand nineteen Wyoming ground squirrels (Spermophilus elegans elegans) from 4 populations in southern Wyoming were examined for intestinal parasites. The most prevalent parasites were 6 species of coccidia: Eimeria beecheyi, Eimeria bilamellata, Eimeria callospermophili, Eimeria larimerensis, Eimeria morainensis, and Eimeria spermophili. Most ground squirrels harbored 2 or more species. This eimerian assemblage was present across populations and over years. Differences in the prevalence of infection were not found among host age classes or between sexes. The presence or absence of helminths was independent of the presence and absence of Eimeria. A log-linear model to test the independence of the distribution of Eimeria spp. among hosts revealed 3 significant positive associations, for E. bilamellata and E. beecheyi, E. morainesis and E. callospermophili, and E. larimerensis and E. bilamellata.     

Identification, purification and characterization of a novel phosphatidylinositol-specific phospholipase C, a third member of the beta subfamily.

The partial sequence of a novel PtdIns-specific phospholipase C of the beta subfamily (PtdIns-PLC beta 3) is described. Based upon the predicted protein sequence, monospecific antibodies have been raised and used to identify a suitable source for purification of the protein. Fractionation of HeLa S3 cells revealed that immunoreactive PtdIns-PLC beta 3 is membrane associated; purification (approximately 1000-fold) from this fraction yielded a single immunoreactive protein of 158 kDa, with a specific activity of 136 mumol.min-1.mg-1, with PtdIns 4,5-bisphosphate as substrate. Substrate specificity and Ca2+ dependence of this purified PtdIns-PLC are characteristic of the PtdIns-PLC beta subfamily.     

Secondary flow in the human common carotid artery imaged by MR angiography.

The blood flow in arteries affects both the biology of the vessels and the development of atherosclerosis. The flow is three-dimensional, unsteady, and difficult to measure or to model computationally. We have used phase-shift-based magnetic resonance angiography to image and measure the flow in the common carotid arteries of a healthy human subject. There was curvature of the vessels and thin-slice dynamic flow imaging showed evidence of the presence of secondary motions. Flexing the cervical spine straightened the vessels and reduced the asymmetry of the flow.     

Chromosomal assignment of the human genes coding for the major proteins of the desmosome junction, desmoglein DGI (DSG), desmocollins DGII/III (DSC), desmoplakins DPI/II (DSP), and plakoglobin DPIII (JUP)

We have established PCR assays for the genes coding for the major proteins of the desmosome type of cell junction, the desmosomal cadherins DGI (desmoglein) and DGII/III (desmocollins), and the plaque proteins DPI/II (desmoplakin) and DPIII (plakoglobin) and used them to test human-mouse and human-rat somatic cell hybrids with different contents of human chromosomes. From these data we were able to assign DGI to chromosome 18 (DSG), DGII/III to chromosome 9p (DSC), DPI/II to chromosome 6p21-ter(DSP), and DPIII to chromosome 7 (JUP).     

Antigen presentation in acquired immunological tolerance

In acquired tolerance, previous exposure to antigen under certain conditions induces specific unresponsiveness instead of specific immunological memory. It has been studied as an approach to the mechanisms of self-tolerance that operate on immunocompetent T and B lymphocytes once they leave their sites of origin in the thymus and the bone marrow. Possible mechanisms involve induction of specific suppressor cells or inactivation of antigen-specific lymphocytes (clonal anergy) as a consequence of abortive antigen presentation, in which the antigen receptor is effectively engaged but certain poorly defined accessory signals the T lymphocytes require are lacking. We propose that small, resting B lymphocytes, which lack these accessory signals, are the inactivating antigen-presenting cells in acquired tolerance to proteins and to the class II transplantation antigens. B lymphocytes, which can use their antigen receptors to gather and process antigens that are present at very low concentrations, may play a role in self-tolerance. In addition, B lymphocytes and T lymphocytes rendered anergic by encounter with self antigens could persist as self-specific suppressor cells to block an autoimmune response of autoreactive clones that had escaped deletion or anergy.     

Purification and characterization of bovine brain type I phosphatidylinositol kinase

Investigation into the phosphatidylinositol kinase activities in bovine brain has revealed the presence of a type I PtdIns kinase activity. This classification is based upon potent inhibition by neutral detergent and the production of a phosphatidylinositol phosphate that can be distinguished from phosphatidyl-inositol-4-phosphate [PtdIns(4)P] by thin-layer chromatography. The enzyme has been substantially purified and the activity is associated with an 85-kDa polypeptide on SDS/polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis. Analysis of the product confirms the identification of the enzyme as a type I PtdIns kinase. The purified kinase has been characterized with respect to substrate dependence (Mg2+, ATP, PtdIns), substrate presentation (pure lipid versus mixed micelle) and specificity [PtdIns versus PtdIns(4)P and phosphatidylinositol 4,5-bisphosphate].     

Location of helical regions in tetrapyrrole-containing proteins by a helical hydrophobic moment analysis. Application to phytochrome

Helical regions in many tetrapyrrole proteins are highly amphiphilic, one side interacting with a hydrophobic core and another side interacting with the polar solvent. The mean helical hydrophobic moment is a measure of amphiphilicity of a helix. Helical regions in myoglobin, the alpha and beta subunits of C-phycocyanin, and cytochrome c can be distinguished from nonhelical regions by use of a hydrophobic moment analysis. 24 of 27 (89%) of the helical regions in these proteins were located by this analysis. Calculations were also performed on chymotrypsin, ribonuclease, and papain, which do not possess as pronounced a hydrophobic core as the tetrapyrrole-containing proteins. Less than 50% of the helical regions were correctly located, indicating a lack of amphiphilicity in the helices of these proteins. The hydrophobic moment analysis was also used to predict helical regions in phytochrome, the ubiquitous photoreceptor in plants. Additionally, this analysis is used to quickly locate internal hydrophilic residues which may be functionally important. The distribution of hydrophobic moments from a random sequence was determined so that qualitative and to some extent quantitative comparisons between different amphiphilic helices may be made.     

Recovery of a charged-fusion protein from cell extracts by polyelectrolyte precipitation

Beta-galactosidase served as a model system to explore the feasibility of enhancing the selectivity of a low-cost, easily scaled separation method-precipitation. Enhanced selectivity was sought by fusing the enzyme with polypeptide tails including 5 and 11 aspartates. The unfused protein could not be selectively removed from the Escherichia coli cell extract by precipitation with polyethylenimine (PEI), but the longest fusion could be selectively removed. The presence of nucleic acids limited the purification attainable. Pretreatment with nuclease followed by diafiltration resulted in an extract from which the same fusion could be precipitated with greater than fivefold enrichment, while the untailed enzyme remained unenriched by the same precipitation step. Selectivity is attributed to the binding strength of the polyanionic tails to the polycationic PEI.