Perception of donor breast milk and determinants of its acceptability among mothers in a developing community: a cross-sectional multi-center study in south-east Nigeria

Background

Due to the health and economic benefits of breast milk, the World Health Organization (WHO) recommends that for infants who cannot receive breast milk from their own mothers, the next preferred option is donated breast milk. This recommendation is however rarely practiced in most developing countries where donor milk is not widely accepted.

Methods

This cross-sectional multi-center study enrolled mothers attending antenatal or pediatric clinics in six tertiary institution in south-east Nigeria using purposive and convenient sampling method. Data collection was done using pretested questionnaires. The study aimed to assess the knowledge, acceptability and willingness to donate breast milk and/or use donated breast milk for their infants It also explored factors that determine this behavior.

Results

A total of 1235 mothers participated; 39% (480/1225) have heard about the concept of donor milk, while only 10% (79/759) and 7% (81/1179), respectively, had adequate knowledge of the concept and policy on donor milk. Sixty percent indicated willingness to use donor milk or donate breast milk if need arises. Respondents with lower age (p?=?0.049) and with higher occupational status (p?=?0.001) were more likely to have adequate knowledge of donor breast milk, while respondents with lower educational attainment (p?=?0.002) and those who are non-Christians (p?=?0.004) were more likely to request financial inducement for donating their breast milk. Adequate knowledge of the concept of donor milk (p?=?0.001), preference of donor milk to infant formula (p?=?0.001) and requirement of financial remuneration (p?=?0.001) were the only significant predictors of willingness to donate and/or receive donated breast milk.

Conclusion

The knowledge of the concept of donor breast milk and awareness of policies regulating its practice in Nigeria is low, but the prospect of its acceptability is high among mothers surveyed in south-east Nigeria. Targeted public education by relevant government agencies in collaboration with clinicians, community and religious leaders about the concept of donor breast milk to families may help increase the acceptance and practice of donating breast milk and/or use of donated breast milk among mothers in the region.

     

Morphometric and molecular differences among Calvertius tuberosus (Coleoptera: Curculionidae) populations associated with Andean and coastal populations of Araucaria araucana in the La Araucanía Region,Chile

Calvertius tuberosus (Curculionidae) lives exclusively on Araucaria araucana trees (commonly known as pehuen) in southern Chile. In this study, morphometric and molecular genetic analyses of Andean and coastal populations of C. tuberosus were performed to evaluate evolutionary divergence associated with the discontinuity of the Araucaria forest between the coastal and Andean regions. Specimens of C. tuberosus were collected in Nahuelbuta National Park, Villa Las Araucarias, and Malalcahuello National Reserve and were classified and stored at the Animal Biotechnology Researching Laboratory (LINBA), University of La Frontera, Temuco, Chile. Thirteen morphometric parameters and the expression patterns of ISSR (inter-simple sequence repeat) markers were analyzed. Morphometric data revealed high phenotypic similarity between coastal populations. The genetic analysis revealed a high similarity between coastal populations (genetic identity, 93%), which were differentiated from the Andean population (genetic identity, 84%). This study contributes new genotypic and phenotypic data for the C. tuberosus populations in forest ecosystems of A. araucana, and clarifies the associations between these characteristics and the geographic distributions of populations.     

茶褐牛肝菌化学成分研究

为了解茶褐牛肝菌(Neoboletus brunneissimus)的化学成分,共分离鉴定了18个化合物,经理化性质和波谱分析,分别鉴定为5α,8α-环二氧-(22E,24R)-麦角甾-6,22-二烯-3β-醇(1)、5α,8α-环二氧-(22E,24R)-麦角甾-6,9(11),22-三烯-3β-醇(2)、(22E,24R)-麦角甾-7,22-二烯-3β-醇(3)、(24S)-麦角甾-7-烯-3β-醇(4)、(22E,24R)-麦角甾-7,22-二烯-3β,5α,6β-三醇(5)、(24S)-乙基胆甾烯-7-烯-3β,5α,6β-三醇(6),(22E,24R)-麦角甾-7,22-二烯-3β,5α,6β,9α-四烯(7)、(22E,24R)-麦角甾-5,7,2-三烯-3β-醇(8)、3β-O-吡喃葡萄糖基-5α,8α-环二氧-(22E,24R)-麦角-6,22-二烯(9)、富马酸单甲酯(10)、富马酸(11)、琥珀酸(12)、反-2-癸烯二酸(13)、烟酸(14)、烟酰胺(15)、莽草酸(16)、亚油酸-α-甘油酯(17)和1-O-吡喃葡萄糖基-(2S,3R,4E,8E,2′R)-2-N-(2′-羟基棕榈酰)-9-甲基-4,8-鞘氨醇(18)。以上化合物均为首次从茶褐牛肝菌中分离得到,其中化合物6、9、13和17为首次从牛肝菌科高等真菌中分离得到。     

中枢注射U－50，488H对肾水钠钾的排出及PVH内TH－IR神经元活性的影啊

本工作用１２％乙醇麻醉的大鼠,观察了下丘脑室旁核（ＰＶＨ）微量注射Ｋ型阿片受体激动剂Ｕ－５０,４８８Ｈ对大鼠肾水钠钾排出的影响,以及第三脑室注射Ｕ－５０,４８８Ｈ对ＰＶＨ中多巴胺神经元活性的影响。结果如下：（１）ＰＶＨ微量注射Ｕ－５０,４８８Ｈ（５μｎ／ｕｌ）后２０ｍｉｎ内大鼠尿量开始增加（Ｐ＜０．０１）,持续约１００ｍｉｎ,４１—６０ｍｉｎ尿量增加达峰值（Ｐ＜０．００１）。（２）ＰＶＨ预先（１０ｍｉｎ）注射Ｋ型阿片受体阻断剂ＮＢＴ（Ｎｏｒ－ＢｉｎａｌｔｏｒｐｈｉｍｉｎｅＴｅｔｒａｈｙｄｒａｔｅ）（５μｇ／ｐｌ）可以阻断Ｕ－５０,４８８Ｈ所产生的利尿效应（Ｐ＜０．０１）。（３）第三脑室注射Ｕ－５０,４８８Ｈ（１０μｇ／１０ｕｌ）２０ｍｉｎ后,ＰＶＨ中酪氨酸羟化酶免疫反应阳性（Ｔｙｒｏｓｉｎｅｈｙｄｒｏｘｙｌａｓｅ－ｉｍｍｕｎｏｒｅａｃｔｉｖｉｔｙ,ＴＨ－ＩＲ）神经元数量减少,染色强度减弱,于注药后５０ｍｉｎ变化最为显著,１００ｍｉｎ时已恢复正常。上述结果表明：ＰＶＨ微量注射Ｕ－５０,４８８Ｈ可作用于Ｋ型阿片受体引起利尿效应;第三脑室微量注射Ｕ－５０,４８８Ｈ可抑制ＰＶＨ中ＴＨ－ＩＲ神经元的免疫活性。     

Studies on DNA—protein interactions in the upstream regulatory region of the human ε—globin gene promoter

The erythroid- and developmental stage-specific expression of the human ε-globin gene is controlled,in part,by the 5‘-flanking DNA sequence of this gene.In the present study,we have used DNA-protein binding assays to identify trans-acting factors which regulate the temporal expression of the human ε-globin gene during development.Using gel mobility shift assays and DNaseI footprinting assays,a nuclear protein factor (termed ε-SSF1) in the nuclear extracts from mouse haematopoietic tissues at d 11 and d 13 of gestation was identified.It could specifically bind to the positive control region (between-535 and -453bp) of the human ε-globin gene.We speculated that the ε-SSF1 might be an erythroid-and developmental stage-specific activator.In addition,we found another nuclear protein factor (terned ε-R1) in the nuclear extract from mouse fetal liver at d18 of gestation,which could strongly bind to the silencer region (between-392 and -177bp) of this gene.Therefore,we speculated that the ε-R1 might be an erythroid-and developmental stagespecific repressor.Our data suggest that both ε-SSF1 and ε-R1 might play important roles in developmental regulation of the human ε-globin gene expression during the early embryonic life.On the hand,we observed that the binding patterns of nuclear proteins from three cell lines (K562,HEL and Raji) to these regulatory regions were partially different.These results suggest that different trans-acting factors in K562,HEL and Raji cells might be responsible for activating or silencing the human ε-globin gene in three different cell lines.     

A SHORT-SNOUTED DYROSAURID (CROCODYLIFORMES, MESOEUCROCODYLIA) FROM THE PALAEOCENE OF MOROCCO

Abstract:  This paper describes a new genus and species of dyrosaurid, Chenanisuchus lateroculi gen. et sp. nov. (Crocodyliformes, Mesoeucrocodylia) from the Thanetien (Late Palaeocene) of the Oulad Abdoun Basin, Morocco. This new taxon has a particularly short snout, as well as widely separated and laterally facing orbits. In the holotype, the mandible exhibits a retroarticular process that is strongly depressed posterior to the glenoid fossa, bringing the ventral margin of the medial wing of the articular to the same level as the ventral margin of the retroarticular process. This feature is shared with Congosaurus bequaerti , Dyrosaurus and isolated dyrosaurid material from Mali and Niger, but is absent in the putative closely related crocodyliforms, such as pholidosaurids and Terminonaris , and could be a dyrosaurid character.     

P-cadherin expression in glandular lesions of the uterine cervix detected by liquid-based cytology

OBJECTIVE: To study P-cadherin aberrant expression as a possible marker for cervical adenocarcinomas in cytological samples. METHODS: We studied P-cadherin immunoexpression in liquid-based cervical cytology samples of biopsy-proven cervical lesions. RESULTS: We found a statistically significant correlation between P-cadherin expression and a cytological diagnosis of malignancy, either glandular or squamous (P < 0.0001). Twenty-two of 33 malignant cases showed P-cadherin membrane staining. None of the 30 benign cases tested showed membrane staining, but three of them displayed an aberrant nuclear P-cadherin expression. CONCLUSIONS: We concluded that P-cadherin can be used to discriminate between malignant and benign cervical cytological specimens, but not to discriminate glandular from squamous lesions.