Quantifying rapidly declining abundance of insects in Europe using a paired experimental design

The abundance of insects has decreased for the last decades in many parts of the world although so far few studies have quantified this reduction because there have only been few baseline studies dating back decades that have allowed comparison of ancient and recent population estimates. Such a paired design is particularly powerful because it reduces or eliminates bias caused by differences in identity and experience of observers, identity of study sites, years, time of season, and time of day, and it ensures identity of sampling procedures. Here, I compiled information on the reduction in abundance of insects in Europe and Algeria by the same persons compiling the abundance of insects from the same 21 study sites during 1951–1997 and again a second time in 1998–2018. There was a reduction by 47% in the abundance of insects. The difference in abundance in old compared to new samples declined with latitude, with a significant variance among taxa. This reduction in abundance of insects was of such a magnitude that it must have consequences for insectivores and the role that insects play in ecosystems.     

Apo B metabolism in the cynomolgus monkey: evidence for post-transcriptional regulation.

Previous studies have shown that hepatic apo B mRNA levels do not increase in animals fed high cholesterol diets, even though plasma apo B concentrations increase markedly. As a result, it has been suggested that the diet-induced increase in plasma apo B levels was due solely to an inhibited clearance of those lipoproteins. The present study was undertaken to test that hypothesis. Hepatic apo B mRNA levels were measured in liver biopsies taken from five male cynomolgus monkeys before and twice after, they began to consume a high cholesterol diet. The diet had no effect on hepatic apo B mRNA levels, even though it caused a 7-fold increase in the plasma apo B levels. However, measurements of the apo B secretion rate in eight separate monkeys (four chow-fed and four cholesterol-fed) by isotope dilution showed that apo B secretion by the liver was increased 4-fold in the cholesterol-fed monkeys. These data, taken together, indicate that apo B secretion is not regulated by the rate at which the apo B gene is transcribed, but at some point further along in the secretion pathway.