Auftreten und Periodik Verschiedener Krankheiten und Parasiten bei Larven des Maikäfers (Melolontha spec.)

Summary Investigations on appearance and periodicity of diseases and parasites of white grubs of the European cockchaferMelolontha spec. (M. melolontha L. andM. hippocastani F. in mixed populations) were carried out in Lorsch (Germany: pine-beech-forest, Rhine-valley, southwest of Frankfurt am Main). A rickettsial disease was dealt with in previous papers (Rickettsia melolonthae Krieg), the present one describes the other observed mortality factors. They were: Bacteria: only unspecific species occured, spore-forming and specific ones never (A ?black-spot disease? of white grubs might probably also be caused by bacteria). Fungous infections were caused byBeauveria tenella (delacr.)Siem. (=B. bassiana (Bals.)vuill.) andFusarium spec., Protozoan infections by the FlagellataPolymastix melolonthae (grassi 1881) and the MicrosporidianPlistophora melolonthae Krieg. Parasites were the NematodesDiplogasteroides berwigi n.spec. andRhabditis (Caenorhabditis) dolichura Schneider 1866 and from insectsMegaselia rufipes Meig. (Dipt.-Phoridae) andDexia rustica F. (Dipt.-Larvaevorid.). Well characterized by external symptoms but not so regarding the causal agent was the “Wassersucht” (dropsy). Numerous grubs died “without disease recognition” (“Ohne Krankheits-Befund”, abbrev. o.K.B.). Here physiological besides pathological causes are suggested. All these factors showed a distinct periodicity of infection and mortality in the laboratory and in the field. Their general outlines, the periods of infection in the field and those of mortality in the field and the laboratory are demonstrated and discussed, as well as the retardation of development of the infested hosts.

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6. Beitrag zu: “Freilanduntersuchungen über Engerlingskrankheiten”. Beitr. 1–5:Niklas, 1956, 1957 a, 1958 a bis c.

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Durchgeführt mit Unterstützung derDeutschen Forschungsgemeinschaft und desVerbandes Süddeutscher Zuckerrübenbauer e.V., Darmstadt.     

Signatures of antagonistic pleiotropy in a bacterial flagellin epitope

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The hSSB1 orthologue Obfc2b is essential for skeletogenesis but dispensable for the DNA damage response in vivo

We recently became aware of panel duplications in Supplementary Figures S6 and S7, due to pasting errors of similar flow cytometry images during figure preparation. This concerned the first two panels in the top row of Suppl. Fig S6A; second and third panel in the bottom row of Suppl. Fig S7B; and third and fourth panel in the bottom row of Suppl. Fig S7C.Furthermore, we noted a typographical error in Suppl. Fig S7B (top row, sixth plot), where the indicated percentage was wrongly given as 1.4%, instead of 1.1%. These errors did not change the results or the interpretation of the data. We deeply apologize to the scientific community for any confusion these errors may have caused. The updated appendix is published with this corrigendum.The original FlowJo analysis plots related to the affected figures are published as source data with this corrigendum. Please note that initial labelling of the experiments in these files referred to the official gene name Obfc2b informally as hSSB1, and Obfc2a‐shRNAs as ‘sh1’ and sh4’.Open in a separate windowFigure S6AOriginalOpen in a separate windowFigure S6ACorrectedOpen in a separate windowFigure S7BOriginalOpen in a separate windowFigure S7BCorrectedOpen in a separate windowFigure S7COriginalOpen in a separate windowFigure S7CCorrected     

Extrapolation from Individual-Level Responses to Population Growth Rate Using Population Modeling

Ecological risk assessments of chemicals are often based on simple measurements of toxicity in individuals. However, the protection goals are often set at the population and community levels. Population models may be a useful tool to extrapolate from individual-level measurements to population-level endpoints. In the present study, the population growth rate (λ) was calculated for three sets of full life-cycle data (Tetranychus urticae exposed to agrimek, and Daphnia pulex exposed to spinosad and diazinon). The results were compared to λ from population models, where survival and/or reproduction were adjusted according to 4 d of data from the same life-cycle data. This was done to determine whether truncated demographic data can give results similar to that obtained with full life-cycle data. The resulting correlations were strong when both effects on survival and reproduction were included in the model (p < .001, 0.93 < R₂ < 1.00). There were also strong correlations in several cases when only effects on survival or reproduction were considered, although the total risk to the population tended to be underestimated. The results of the present study show that population models can be useful to extrapolate truncated data on the individual level to more ecologically relevant population-level endpoints.     

Out-of-Africa again: A phylogenetic hypothesis of the genus Charaxes (Lepidoptera: Nymphalidae) based on five gene regions

Despite the long popularity of Charaxes among collectors and researchers, their evolutionary history is largely unknown. The current and accepted species groupings and relationships within the genus are based exclusively on adult morphology and life histories. Here, we examine the monophyly and evolutionary affinities of the species-groups within the genus Charaxes and explore how they relate to members of their closest genera (Euxanthe, Polyura and Palla) using 4167 bp of sequence data from five (1 mitochondrial and 4 nuclear) gene regions. Within the proposed phylogenetic framework, we estimate ages of divergence within the genus and also reconstruct their historical biogeography. We included representatives of all known species-groups in Africa and Asia, all known species of Euxanthe and Palla and two exemplar species of Polyura. We found the genus Charaxes to be a paraphyletic group with regard to the genera Polyura and Euxanthe, contrary to the earlier assumption of monophyly. We found that 13 out of 16 morphologically defined species-groups with more than one species were strongly supported monophyletic clades. Charaxes nichetes is the sister group to all the other Charaxes. Polyura grouped with the Zoolina and Pleione species-groups as a well-supported clade, and Euxanthe grouped with the Lycurgus species-group. Our results indicated that the common ancestor of Charaxes diverged from the common ancestor of Palla in the mid Eocene (45 million years ago) in (Central) Africa and began diversifying to its extant members 15 million years later. Most of the major diversifications within the genus occurred between the late Oligocene and Miocene when the global climates were putatively undergoing drastic fluctuations. A considerable number of extant species diverged from sister species during the Pliocene. A dispersal–vicariance analysis suggests that many dispersal rather than vicariance events resulted in the distribution of the extant species. The genus Polyura and the Indo-Australian Charaxes are most likely the results of three independent colonizations of Asia by African Charaxes in the Miocene. We synonymize the genera Polyura (syn. nov.) and Euxanthe (syn. nov.) with Charaxes, with the currently circumscribed Charaxes subdivided into five subgenera to reflect its phylogeny.     

Vergleichende Pollenuntersuchungen an verschiedenen Lärchenrassen

Ohne Zusammenfassung     

Paleobiochemistry of North American fossil Liriodendron sp.

Organic geochemical analyses are presented for a fossil Liriodendron sp. from the Miocene, Clarkia Flora of Northern Idaho. Flavonoid profiles determined for the fossil and two extent species of Liriodendron (L. chinense and L. tulipifera) confirm the generic status of the fossil material, but owing to a generic uniformity in flavonoid composition, fail to resolve taxonomic affinities at the species level. Steroid and other cycloalkane-alkene profiles indicate that the fossil taxon has a greater chemical similarity with L. chinense than L. tulipifera, despite the general leaf outline similarity between the fossil species and extent L. tulipifera. The morphologic and chemical data are interpreted as evidence for mosaic evolution within the genus, and the non-canalization of character states in some Miocene species.