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Axillary clearance provides important prognostic information but is associated with significant morbidity. Sentinel node biopsy can provide staging .141 patients with node negative early breast cancers-tumour size less than 1.5 cm measured clinically or by imaging had guided axillary sampling (sentinel lymph node biopsy in combination with axillary sampling). Four node axillary sampling improved the detection rate of axillary node metastases by 13.6% as compared to blue dye sentinel node biopsy alone. Positive sampled nodes strongly indicated the likelihood of further metastatic being revealed by axillary dissection (67%). Negative sampled nodes in combination with a positive sentinel node biopsy were associated with a much lower rate of further nodal involvement in the axillary clearance (8%). 相似文献
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Seventy-three patients were studied after ingesting a liquid glucose meal, tagged with 113Indium. Nineteen of these patients were awaiting surgery for their duodenal ulcer, while 54 were studied postoperatively, 25 of whom experienced troublesome postprandial (dumping) symptoms in their daily lives. The radioactive marker emptied significantly faster in the symptomatic patients than in the symptomfree, pre and post-operative groups (initial emptying rate 3.45 ± 0.23, compared with 1.16 ± 0.19 and 1.27 ± 0.15% fall in counts/min respectively; p < 0.01). Initial (20 min) rises in the plasma concentrations of neurotensin-like immunoreactivity measured during the test correlated significantly with the rate of gastric emptying in all patients, being greatest in patients with dumping symptoms. Physiological concentrations of neurotensin have been shown to delay gastric emptying. The excessive rise in plasma neurotensin-like immunoreactivity in patients with dumping symptoms, presumably occuring as a result of the rapid passage of nutrients to the neurotensin-rich ileum, may possibly have a compensatory role in slowing further emptying from the stomach. 相似文献
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We investigated the prevalence and phenotypic variation of Candida species in oral lichen planus (OLP) and the therapeutic implications of our findings. Eighty patients with clinically and histopathologically confirmed cases of OLP (64 non-erosive, 16 erosive) and a control group of 80 healthy individuals with no predisposing factors for oral candidiasis were examined for evidence of Candida infection. Oral swabs and smears were obtained for cytology and culture. Identification, speciation and antifungal susceptibility tests of Candida isolates were performed using an automated microbial identification system. Fifty percent of erosive OLP cases, 28% of non-erosive cases and none of the controls showed evidence of Candida. Candida albicans was found predominantly in non-erosive OLP, while other Candida species were predominate in erosive OLP. Non-Candida albicans isolates (C. glabrata, C. krusei) were resistant to the commonly used antifungals, clotrimazole and fluconazole. Candida infection is common in cases of OLP. We recommend antifungal sensitivity testing prior to antifungal therapy for the erosive form of OLP. 相似文献
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Oswaldo Keith Okamoto Ana Carolina SR Carvalho Luciana C Marti Ricardo Z Vêncio Carlos A Moreira-Filho 《Cancer cell international》2007,7(1):11
Background
Uncovering the molecular mechanism underlying expansion of hematopoietic stem and progenitor cells is critical to extend current therapeutic applications and to understand how its deregulation relates to leukemia. The characterization of genes commonly relevant to stem/progenitor cell expansion and tumor development should facilitate the identification of novel therapeutic targets in cancer. 相似文献27.
V?Srinivasan GJM?Maestroni DP?Cardinali AI?Esquifino SR?Pandi?Perumal SC?MillerEmail author 《Immunity & ageing : I & A》2005,2(1):17
Aging is associated with a decline in immune function (immunosenescence), a situation known to correlate with increased incidence
of cancer, infectious and degenerative diseases. Innate, cellular and humoral immunity all exhibit increased deterioration
with age. A decrease in functional competence of individual natural killer (NK) cells is found with advancing age. Macrophages
and granulocytes show functional decline in aging as evidenced by their diminished phagocytic activity and impairment of superoxide
generation. There is also marked shift in cytokine profile as age advances, e.g., CD3+ and CD4+ cells decline in number whereas
CD8+ cells increase in elderly individuals. A decline in organ specific antibodies occurs causing reduced humoral responsiveness.
Circulating melatonin decreases with age and in recent years much interest has been focused on its immunomodulatory effect.
Melatonin stimulates the production of progenitor cells for granulocytes-macrophages. It also stimulates the production of
NK cells and CD4+ cells and inhibits CD8+ cells. The production and release of various cytokines from NK cells and T-helper
lymphocytes also are enhanced by melatonin. Melatonin presumably regulates immune function by acting on the immune-opioid
network, by affecting G protein-cAMP signal pathway and by regulating intracellular glutathione levels. Melatonin has the
potential therapeutic value to enhance immune function in aged individuals and in patients in an immunocompromised state. 相似文献
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MCWHINNIE MARY A.; CAHOON MARY ODILE SR.; JOHANNECK ROSEMARIE 《Integrative and comparative biology》1969,9(3):841-855
Cyclic shifts of calcium in the exoskeleton and soft tissues,as they are related to the intermolt cycle in crayfish, arereviewed. Regulatory factors, derived from the eyestalk, influencelevels of exoskeletal calcium; eyestalk extracts prepared fromanimals in premolt decrease shell calcium, while reciprocallyextracts from animals in intermolt increase it when these hormonalsources are injected into animals in the premolt stage (D0-D4). In addition, premolt eyestalk extract results in an increasein gastrolith calcium. In the exchange of calcium between theanimal and its environment there is evidence for differentialdepositionof recently available calcium in the exoskeleton. Further, intermoltand early premolt animals maintained in Ca45-labelled waterfor 15 days concentrate it 4 and 3fold in the exoskeletonand stomach, respectively. However, removal of a molt-inhibitingfactor through ablation of eyestalks results in a 20 and 40foldincrease in incorporation inthese same sites relative to environmentalconcentrations. Treatment with mammalian parathyroid extract mobilizes bothexoskeletal and gastric calciumand leads to a rise in bloodcalcium. However, there is little or no effect on levels ofexoskeletal citric acid. Further, citric acid is higher in thecrayfish carapace during stage C, the period of mineralization,than in stage D, the period of demineralization. There are both similarities and differences between the effectsof crustacean and mammalianregulating factors with respect tothe direction and extent of mineralization. Biochemical studiesshould elucidate the mechanisms regulated by these hormones. 相似文献
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The partition matrix: exploring variable phylogenetic signals along nucleotide sequence alignments 总被引:6,自引:2,他引:4
The partition matrix is a graphical tool for comparative analysis of
nucleotide sequences following alignment. It is particularly useful for
investigating the divergent phylogenies of sequence regions undergoing
reticulate evolution. A partition matrix is generated by determining the
consistency of the parsimoniously informative sites in a set of aligned
sequences with the binary partitions inferred from the sequences. Since the
linear order of sites is maintained, the matrix can be used to assess
whether the distribution of sites either supporting or conflicting with
particular partitions changes along the length of the alignment. The
usefulness of the matrix in allowing visual identification of differences
in evolutionary history among regions depends on the order in which
partitions are shown; several suitable ordering schemes are proposed. We
demonstrate the use of the partition matrix in interpreting the evolution
of the pseudoautosomal boundary region on the sex chromosome of catarrhine
primates. Its routine use should help to avoid attempts to derive single
phylogenies from sequences whose evolution has been reticulate and to
identify the gene conversion or recombination events underlying the
reticulation. The method is relatively fast. It is exploratory, and it can
form the basis for more formal analysis, which we discuss.
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