Two inositol hexakisphosphate kinases drive inositol pyrophosphate synthesis in plants

Inositol pyrophosphates are unique cellular signaling molecules with recently discovered roles in energy sensing and metabolism. Studies in eukaryotes have revealed that these compounds have a rapid turnover, and thus only small amounts accumulate. Inositol pyrophosphates have not been the subject of investigation in plants even though seeds produce large amounts of their precursor, myo‐inositol hexakisphosphate (InsP₆). Here, we report that Arabidopsis and maize InsP₆ transporter mutants have elevated levels of inositol pyrophosphates in their seed, providing unequivocal identification of their presence in plant tissues. We also show that plant seeds store a little over 1% of their inositol phosphate pool as InsP₇ and InsP₈. Many tissues, including, seed, seedlings, roots and leaves accumulate InsP₇ and InsP₈, thus synthesis is not confined to tissues with high InsP₆. We have identified two highly similar Arabidopsis genes, AtVip1 and AtVip2, which are orthologous to the yeast and mammalian VIP kinases. Both AtVip1 and AtVip2 encode proteins capable of restoring InsP₇ synthesis in yeast mutants, thus AtVip1 and AtVip2 can function as bonafide InsP₆ kinases. AtVip1 and AtVip2 are differentially expressed in plant tissues, suggesting non‐redundant or non‐overlapping functions in plants. These results contribute to our knowledge of inositol phosphate metabolism and will lay a foundation for understanding the role of InsP₇ and InsP₈ in plants.     

Linkage disequilibrium and population-structure analysis among Capsicum annuum L. cultivars for use in association mapping

Knowledge of population structure and linkage disequilibrium among the worldwide collections of peppers currently classified as hot, mild, sweet and ornamental types is indispensable for applying association mapping and genomic selection to improve pepper. The current study aimed to resolve the genetic diversity and relatedness of Capsicum annuum germplasm by use of simple sequence repeat (SSR) loci across all chromosomes in samples collected in 2011 and 2012. The physical distance covered by the entire set of SSRs used was 2,265.9 Mb from the 3.48-Gb hot-pepper genome size. The model-based program STRUCTURE was used to infer five clusters, which was further confirmed by classical molecular-genetic diversity analysis. Mean heterozygosity of various loci was estimated to be 0.15. Linkage disequilibrium (LD) was used to identify 17 LD blocks across various chromosomes with sizes from 0.154 Kb to 126.28 Mb. CAMS-142 of chromosome 1 was significantly associated with both capsaicin (CA) and dihydrocapsaicin (DCA) levels. Further, CAMS-142 was located in an LD block of 98.18 Mb. CAMS-142 amplified bands of 244, 268, 283 and 326 bp. Alleles 268 and 283 bp had positive effects on both CA and DCA levels, with an average R ² of 12.15 % (CA) and 12.3 % (DCA). Eight markers from seven different chromosomes were significantly associated with fruit weight, contributing an average effect of 15 %. CAMS-199, HpmsE082 and CAMS-190 are the three major quantitative trait loci located on chromosomes 8, 9, and 10, respectively, and were associated with fruit weight in samples from both years of the study. This research demonstrates the effectiveness of using genome-wide SSR-based markers to assess features of LD and genetic diversity within C. annuum.     

Genetic dissection of Al tolerance QTLs in the maize genome by high density SNP scan

Background

Aluminum (Al) toxicity is an important limitation to food security in tropical and subtropical regions. High Al saturation on acid soils limits root development, reducing water and nutrient uptake. In addition to naturally occurring acid soils, agricultural practices may decrease soil pH, leading to yield losses due to Al toxicity. Elucidating the genetic and molecular mechanisms underlying maize Al tolerance is expected to accelerate the development of Al-tolerant cultivars.

Results

Five genomic regions were significantly associated with Al tolerance, using 54,455 SNP markers in a recombinant inbred line population derived from Cateto Al237. Candidate genes co-localized with Al tolerance QTLs were further investigated. Near-isogenic lines (NILs) developed for ZmMATE2 were as Al-sensitive as the recurrent line, indicating that this candidate gene was not responsible for the Al tolerance QTL on chromosome 5, qALT5. However, ZmNrat1, a maize homolog to OsNrat1, which encodes an Al³⁺ specific transporter previously implicated in rice Al tolerance, was mapped at ~40 Mbp from qALT5. We demonstrate for the first time that ZmNrat1 is preferentially expressed in maize root tips and is up-regulated by Al, similarly to OsNrat1 in rice, suggesting a role of this gene in maize Al tolerance. The strongest-effect QTL was mapped on chromosome 6 (qALT6), within a 0.5 Mbp region where three copies of the Al tolerance gene, ZmMATE1, were found in tandem configuration. qALT6 was shown to increase Al tolerance in maize; the qALT6-NILs carrying three copies of ZmMATE1 exhibited a two-fold increase in Al tolerance, and higher expression of ZmMATE1 compared to the Al sensitive recurrent parent. Interestingly, a new source of Al tolerance via ZmMATE1 was identified in a Brazilian elite line that showed high expression of ZmMATE1 but carries a single copy of ZmMATE1.

Conclusions

High ZmMATE1 expression, controlled either by three copies of the target gene or by an unknown molecular mechanism, is responsible for Al tolerance mediated by qALT6. As Al tolerant alleles at qALT6 are rare in maize, marker-assisted introgression of this QTL is an important strategy to improve maize adaptation to acid soils worldwide.

Electronic supplementary material

The online version of this article (doi:10.1186/1471-2164-15-153) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.     

Fish oil rich in eicosapentaenoic acid protects against oxidative stress-related renal dysfunction induced by TCDD in Wistar rats

Humans are systemically exposed to persistent organic pollutants, of which 2,3,7,8-tetrachlorodibenzo-p-dioxin (TCDD) has become a major environmental concern. Exposure to TCDD results in a wide variety of adverse health effects which is mediated by oxidative stress through CYP1A1 activation and arachidonic acid metabolites. Eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA) exhibits antioxidant property and competes with arachidonic acid in membrane phospholipids and produces anti-inflammatory EPA derivatives. Since both EPA and its derivatives have been reported to enhance the antioxidant mechanism, the present study aimed at studying whether EPA could offer protection against TCDD-induced oxidative stress and nephrotoxicity in Wistar rats. Estimation of kidney markers (serum urea and creatinine) and histopathological studies revealed that EPA treatment significantly reduced TCDD-induced renal damage. TCDD-induced oxidative damage was reflected in a significant increase in CYP1A1 activity and lipid peroxide levels with a concomitant decline in non-enzymic antioxidant (GSH) and various enzymic antioxidants such catalase (CAT), superoxide dismutase (SOD), glutathione-S-transferase (GST), and glutathione peroxidase (GPx). In addition, TCDD-induced oxidative stress also resulted in decline in Na⁺-K⁺ and Mg²⁺ATPases activities with increase in Ca²⁺ ATPases activity. Oral treatment with EPA showed a significant cytoprotection against TCDD-induced renal oxidative stress by decreased CYP1A1 activity and enhanced antioxidant status. TCDD-induced alterations in ATPase enzyme activities were also prevented by EPA treatment. Our results show clear evidence that EPA ameliorates TCDD-induced oxidative stress and kidney damage; thus suggest the potential of EPA as an effective therapeutic agent against toxic effects mediated through redox imbalance.     

Ergosteroids. VI. Metabolism of dehydroepiandrosterone by rat liver in vitro: a liquid chromatographic-mass spectrometric study

Because relatively large amounts of dehydroepiandrosterone (DHEA) are required to demonstrate its diverse metabolic effects, it is postulated that this steroid may be converted to more active molecules. To search for the possible receptor-recognized hormones. DHEA was incubated with whole rat liver homogenate and metabolite appearances were studied by LC-MS as a function of time to predict the sequence of their formation. An array of metabolites has been resolved, identified and characterized by highly specific and accurate technique of LC-MS, and several of these steroids were analyzed quantitatively. Their identities were established by comparison with pure chemically synthesized compounds and by chemical degradation of isolated fractions. In the present study, we have reasonably established that DHEA was converted to 7alpha-OH-DHEA, 7-oxo-DHEA, and 7beta-OH-DHEA in sequence. These metabolites were further reduced at position 7 and/or 17 to form their respective diols and triols, which were also sulfated at 3beta-position. DHEA and its 7-oxygenated derivatives were also converted to their respective 3beta-sulfate esters. Several of these steroids are being reported for the first time. 16Alpha-hydroxy-DHEA, androst-5-ene-3beta,16alpha,17beta-triol, androst-4-ene-3,17-dione, 11-hydroxy-androst-4-ene-3,17-dione, androst-5-ene-3,17-diol and testosterone were also identified and characterized. In all, 19 metabolites of DHEA are being reported in this extensive study. We have also detected the formation of 12 additional metabolites including several conjugates, which are the subject of current investigation.     

Current understanding of synergistic interplay of chitosan nanoparticles and anticancer drugs: merits and challenges

Recent advances have been made in cancer chemotherapy through the development of conjugates for anticancer drugs. Many drugs have problems of poor stability, water insolubility, low selectivity, high toxicity, and side effects. Most of the chitosan nanoparticles showed to be good drug carriers because of their biocompatibility, biodegradability, and it can be readily modified. The anticancer drug with chitosan nanoparticles displays efficient anticancer effects with a decrease in the adverse effects of the original drug due to the predominant distribution into the tumor site and a gradual release of free drug from the conjugate which enhances drug solubility, stability, and efficiency. In this review, we discuss wider applications of numerous modified chitosan nanoparticles against different tumors and also focusing on the administration of anticancer drugs through various routes. We propose the interaction between nanosized drug carrier and tumor tissue to understand the synergistic interplay. Finally, we elaborate merits of drug delivery system at the tumor site, with emphasizing future challenges in cancer chemotherapy.     

Symbiotic Potential, Competitiveness, and Serological Properties of Bradyrhizobium japonicum Indigenous to Korean Soils

The symbiotic potential of Bradyrhizobium japonicum isolates indigenous to seven Korean soils was evaluated by inoculating soybeans with 10- and 1,000-fold-diluted soil suspensions (whole-soil inocula). At both levels, significant differences in the symbiotic potential of the indigenous B. japonicum isolates were demonstrated. The relationship between rhizobial numbers in the whole-soil inocula (x) and nitrogen fixation parameters (y) was best predicted by a straight line (y = a + bx) when the numbers in the inocula were 100 to 10,000 ml^-1, while the power curve (y = ax^b) predicted the variation when the numbers were 1 to 100 ml^-1. Thirty isolates from three soils showed wide differences in effectiveness (measured as milligrams of shoot N per plant), and several were of equal or greater effectiveness than reference strain B. japonicum USDA 110 on soybean cultivars Clark and Jangbaekkong. On both of the soybean cultivars grown in a Hawaiian mollisol, the Korean B. japonicum isolate YCK 213 and USDA 110 were of equal effectiveness; USDA 110 was the superior strain in colonization (nodule occupancy). Korean isolates YCK 117 and YCK 141 were superior colonizers compared with USDA 110. However, B. japonicum USDA 123 was the superior colonizer compared with isolates YCK 213, YCK 141, and YCK 117. In an immunoblot analysis of 97 indigenous Korean isolates of B. japonicum, 41% fell into the USDA 110 and USDA 123 serogroups. Serogroups USDA 110 and USDA 123 were represented in six of the seven soils examined. In one Korean soil, 100% of the B. japonicum isolates reacted only with antisera of YCK 117, an isolate from the same soil.     

Mitochondrial ROS‐induced ERK1/2 activation and HSF2‐mediated AT1R upregulation are required for doxorubicin‐induced cardiotoxicity

Doxorubicin (DOX), one useful chemotherapeutic agent, is limited in clinical use because of its serious cardiotoxicity. Growing evidence suggests that angiotensin receptor blockers (ARBs) have cardioprotective effects in DOX‐induced cardiomyopathy. However, the detailed mechanisms underlying the action of ARBs on the prevention of DOX‐induced cardiomyocyte cell death have yet to be investigated. Our results showed that angiotensin II receptor type I (AT₁R) plays a critical role in DOX‐induced cardiomyocyte apoptosis. We found that MAPK signaling pathways, especially ERK1/2, participated in modulating AT₁R gene expression through DOX‐induced mitochondrial ROS release. These results showed that several potential heat shock binding elements (HSE), which can be recognized by heat shock factors (HSFs), located at the AT₁R promoter region. HSF2 markedly translocated from the cytoplasm to the nucleus when cardiomyocytes were damaged by DOX. Furthermore, the DNA binding activity of HSF2 was enhanced by DOX via deSUMOylation. Overexpression of HSF2 enhanced DOX‐induced cardiomyocyte cell death as well. Taken together, we found that DOX induced mitochondrial ROS release to activate ERK‐mediated HSF2 nuclear translocation and AT₁R upregulation causing DOX‐damaged heart failure in vitro and in vivo.