A recombination map of the human X-chromosome

Summary A family with 11 normal boys has been typed with DNA probes spanning the whole of the X-chromosome to observe directly the recombination events in 11 meioses from one female. This has (a) identified apparent recombination hot-spots on the X-chromosome; (b) shown the positions and numbers of cross-overs that have occurred in the p and q arms; (c) not shown any cross-overs in the centromeric region and (d) enabled the calculation of the genetic length of the X-chromosome.     

On the anatomical definition of arterial networks in blood flow simulations: comparison of detailed and simplified models

Biomechanics and Modeling in Mechanobiology - The goal of this work is to assess the impact of vascular anatomy definition degree in the predictions of blood flow models of the arterial network. To...     

Clinal variation in carapace shape in the South American freshwater crab,Aegla uruguayana (Anomura: Aeglidae)

South America has been influenced by different geoclimatic events ever since its separation from Africa. The inland water fauna has evolved in response to the changing landscape. Currently, there are indications of variations in populations, occurring to different degrees that would indicate a clinal pattern in morphology. Among South America's fauna, the freshwater anomuran, Aegla, is an enigmatic group as a result of its endemicity and is composed of only one genus. Of all the species in this family, Aegla uruguayana has the broadest distribution. Its native habitats have been influenced by several marine transgressions during the Miocene–Quaternary Periods; thus, it is likely that their current distribution has been more recent. Its habitat spreads across a number of isolated basins and sub‐basins that display distinct degrees of isolation/connection, making clinal variation patterns in the morphology of this species possible. The present study aimed to evaluate the pattern of carapace shape variation in A. uruguayana and how it relates to the isolation and/or connection of populations from different basins and sub‐basins, allowing the determination of any extant clinal patterns. The specimens studied belong to 25 separate populations, representing all areas in which the species currently exists. A total of 523 crabs were analyzed. We identified 13 landmarks and four semi‐landmarks in the carapace. The aeglids were divided into seven size intervals to avoid an allometry effect. In each size category, shape relationships analyzed by principal component analysis suggest a geographical pattern corresponding to the distribution of the populations studied. An evaluation of covariation between body shape and geographical coordinates reveals a strong pattern and shows that population distribution had a significant effect on species morphology. Additionally, according to covariance analysis, the variation in shape was not associated with the environmental variables studied. We observed a clinal pattern throughout the species distribution, which could be attributed to genetic drift. It is possible that this process is being amplified by the geographical isolation of the basins, differences in environmental characteristics, and low dispersal ability. © 2014 The Linnean Society of London, Biological Journal of the Linnean Society, 2014, 113 , 914–930.     

A Mesoscale Model of DNA and Its Renaturation

A mesoscale model of DNA is presented (3SPN.1), extending the scheme previously developed by our group. Each nucleotide is mapped onto three interaction sites. Solvent is accounted for implicitly through a medium-effective dielectric constant and electrostatic interactions are treated at the level of Debye-Hückel theory. The force field includes a weak, solvent-induced attraction, which helps mediate the renaturation of DNA. Model parameterization is accomplished through replica exchange molecular dynamics simulations of short oligonucleotide sequences over a range of composition and chain length. The model describes the melting temperature of DNA as a function of composition as well as ionic strength, and is consistent with heat capacity profiles from experiments. The dependence of persistence length on ionic strength is also captured by the force field. The proposed model is used to examine the renaturation of DNA. It is found that a typical renaturation event occurs through a nucleation step, whereby an interplay between repulsive electrostatic interactions and colloidal-like attractions allows the system to undergo a series of rearrangements before complete molecular reassociation occurs.     

Cluster analysis of behavioural and event-related potentials during a contingent negative variation paradigm in remitting-relapsing and benign forms of multiple sclerosis

Background  

Event-related potentials (ERPs) may be used as a highly sensitive way of detecting subtle degrees of cognitive dysfunction. On the other hand, impairment of cognitive skills is increasingly recognised as a hallmark of patients suffering from multiple sclerosis (MS). We sought to determine the psychophysiological pattern of information processing among MS patients with the relapsing-remitting form of the disease and low physical disability considered as two subtypes: 'typical relapsing-remitting' (RRMS) and 'benign MS' (BMS). Furthermore, we subjected our data to a cluster analysis to determine whether MS patients and healthy controls could be differentiated in terms of their psychophysiological profile.     

Some meteorological conditions associated with forest fires in Galicia (Spain)

The present paper offers data on the effect of certain meteorological parameters on the outbreak of forest fires in Galicia (Spain). In a day-to-day analysis, the values of the stability of the air column and the saturation deficit at the lower levels are related to the number of fires occurring in the following 24 h.     

The Identification of Congeners and Aliens by Drosophila Larvae

We investigated the role of Drosophila larva olfactory system in identification of congeners and aliens. We discuss the importance of these activities in larva navigation across substrates, and the implications for allocation of space and food among species of similar ecologies. Wild type larvae of cosmopolitan D. melanogaster and endemic D. pavani, which cohabit the same breeding sites, used species-specific volatiles to identify conspecifics and aliens moving toward larvae of their species. D. gaucha larvae, a sibling species of D. pavani that is ecologically isolated from D. melanogaster, did not respond to melanogaster odor cues. Similar to D. pavani larvae, the navigation of pavani female x gaucha male hybrids was influenced by conspecific and alien odors, whereas gaucha female x pavani male hybrid larvae exhibited behavior similar to the D. gaucha parent. The two sibling species exhibited substantial evolutionary divergence in processing the odor inputs necessary to identify conspecifics. Orco (Or83b) mutant larvae of D. melanogaster, which exhibit a loss of sense of smell, did not distinguish conspecific from alien larvae, instead moving across the substrate. Syn ^97CS and rut larvae of D. melanogaster, which are unable to learn but can smell, moved across the substrate as well. The Orco (Or83b), Syn ^97CS and rut loci are necessary to orient navigation by D. melanogaster larvae. Individuals of the Trana strain of D. melanogaster did not respond to conspecific and alien larval volatiles and therefore navigated randomly across the substrate. By contrast, larvae of the Til-Til strain used larval volatiles to orient their movement. Natural populations of D. melanogaster may exhibit differences in identification of conspecific and alien larvae. Larval locomotion was not affected by the volatiles.     

Identification and design of a novel series of MGAT2 inhibitors

[Acyl CoA]monoacylglycerol acyltransferase 2 (MGAT2) is of interest as a target for therapeutic treatment of diabetes, obesity and other diseases which together constitute the metabolic syndrome. In this Letter we report our discovery and optimisation of a novel series of MGAT2 inhibitors. The development of the SAR of the series and a detailed discussion around some key parameters monitored and addressed during the lead generation phase will be given. The in vivo results from an oral lipid tolerance test (OLTT) using the MGAT2 inhibitor (S)-10, shows a significant reduction (68% inhibition relative to na?ve, p <0.01) in plasma triacylglycerol (TAG) concentration.     

Vacuolation induced by VacA toxin of Helicobacter pylori requires the intracellular accumulation of membrane permeant bases, Cl(-) and water.

The protein vacuolating toxin A (VacA) of Helicobacter pylori converts late endosomes into large vacuoles in the presence of permeant bases. Here it is shown that this phenomenon corresponds to an accumulation of permeant bases and Cl(-) in HeLa cells and requires the presence of extracellular Cl(-). The net influx of Cl(-) is due to electroneutral, Na(+), K(+), 2Cl(-) cotransporter-mediated transport. Cell vacuolation leads to cell volume increase, consistent with water flux into the cell, while hyper-osmotic media decreased vacuole formation. These data represent the first evidence that VacA-treated cells undergo an osmotic unbalance, reinforcing the hypothesis that the VacA chloride channel is responsible for cell vacuolation.