温度、水分和森林演替对中亚热带丘陵红壤氮素矿化影响的模拟实验

研究了温度、水分和演替阶段及其交互作用对中亚热带丘陵红壤区森林土壤氮素矿化过程及其矿化速率的影响.结果表明：温度和演替阶段对土壤氨化速率影响显著,其中12 ℃<24℃<36 ℃,灌丛林和马尾松(Pinus massoniana)林低于常绿阔叶林(P＜0.05);而水分的影响不显著.水分和演替阶段对土壤硝化速率有显著影响,土壤半饱和含水量高于自然含水量及饱和含水量,且马尾松林高于灌丛林(P＜0.05);而温度的影响不显著.温度、水分和演替阶段对土壤氮净矿化速率的影响均显著,其中12 ℃<24 ℃<36 ℃,土壤半饱和含水量高于自然含水量和饱和含水量,灌丛林<马尾松林<常绿阔叶林(P＜0.05).温度升高有利于提高土壤氨化速率和净矿化速率,温度过高则抑制土壤硝化速率;土壤含水量适中有利于土壤氮素矿化过程;顺行演替将提高土壤供氮能力,且抑制过强的硝化作用.     

牦牛卵泡细胞及其卵母细胞不同发育时期的结构变化

采集成年母牦牛卵巢,通过光镜和电镜对牦牛卵泡及其卵母细胞不同发育时期的结构变化进行了观察。结果发现当卵母细胞被单层立方卵泡细胞包围时,微绒毛开始出现,而皮质颗粒、透明带则在包被2-4层卵泡细胞时开始出现。随着卵母细胞的继续发育,透明带增厚,微绒毛由粗短变为细长,密度增加;皮质颗粒、线粒体、滑面内质网等细胞器的数目不断增加,并逐渐移行到质膜下;在移行的过程中,皮质颗粒成团存在。在囊状卵泡中,卵母细胞皮质颗粒呈线形分布于质膜下,线粒体、滑面内质网又移向胞质中央。卵母细胞借助微绒毛穿过透明带与卵泡细胞胞质突起相联系。结果证明牦牛卵泡和卵母细胞不同发育时期的结构变化与其它哺乳动物的基本相似。     

Membrane binding motif of the P-type cardiotoxin

Carditoxins (CTXs) from cobra snake venoms, the basic 60-62 residue all-beta sheet polypeptides, are known to bind to and impair the function of cell membranes. To assess the membrane induced conformation and orientation of CTXs, the interaction of the P-type cardiotoxin II from Naja oxiana snake venom (CTII) with perdeuterated dodecylphosphocholine (DPC) was studied using ( 1 )H-NMR spectroscopy and diffusion measurements. Under conditions where the toxin formed a well-defined complex with DPC, the spatial structure of CTII with respect to the presence of tightly bound water molecules in loop II, was calculated using the torsion angle dynamics program DYANA. The structure was found to be similar, except for subtle changes in the tips of all three loops, to the previously described "major" form of CTII in aqueous solution illustrated by the "trans" configuration of the Val7-Pro8 peptide bond. No "minor" form with the "cis" configuration of the above bond was found in the micelle-bound state. The broadening of the CTII backbone proton signals by 5, 16-doxylstearate relaxation probes, together with modeling based on the spatial structure of CTII, indicated a periphery mode of binding of the toxin molecule to the micelle and revealed its micelle interacting domain. The latter includes a hydrophobic region of CTII within the extremities of loops I and III (residues 5-11, 46-50), the basement of loop II (residues 24-29,31-37) and the belt of polar residues encircling these loops (lysines 4,5,12,23,50, serines 11,46, histidine 31, arginine 36). It is suggested that this structural motif and the mode of binding can be realized during interaction of CTXs with lipid and biological membranes.     

甘薯抗瘟种质创新与评价

通过常规杂交和杂种后代的抗瘟鉴定,创新和筛选出多份抗薯瘟材料。同时,对46份抗薯瘟病Ⅱ型菌系种质的主要性状进行鉴定和评价,表明泉薯148和American No．7二个抗瘟品种（系）兼具高产、高干（粉）和食用品质优等性状。     

小脑第三传入系统的结构与功能

一般认为:传入小脑的纤维投射有两个系统,即苔状纤维(Mossy Fiber)和爬行纤维(Climbine Fiber)传入投射。近年来,由于研究的不断深入,提出了小脑还具有第三传入系统。本文就有关资料作一简介。小脑的胺能神经元传入投射与苔状纤维,爬行纤维有着不同的形态学和生理学特征,它构成了小脑的第三传入系统。根据胺能传入末梢产生和释放的递质不同,可将它     

珊瑚疾病的主要类型、生态危害及其与环境的关系

与人和其它动物一样,珊瑚也生病。在过去30多年里各种珊瑚疾病对全球珊瑚礁造成了严重破坏。目前已知的珊瑚疾病多达30多种,但确定病原体的仅6种。阐述了造礁石珊瑚的7种最主要疾病类型(黑带病、黑斑病、白带病、白色瘟疫、白斑病、黄带病和珊瑚白化病等)的症状、扩散速率、疾病患病率、珊瑚死亡率等。频繁发生的珊瑚疾病导致主要造礁物种死亡,减少礁区的生物多样性,对珊瑚礁生态系统产生破坏日益严重,甚至引起以珊瑚为主导的珊瑚礁系统转变为以大型藻类为主导的生态系统。全球气温上升和人为活动引起的一系列环境因子的变化被认为是各种珊瑚疾病发生的诱导因素,海水温度升高是Oculina patagonica和Pocillopora damicornis2种珊瑚细菌性白化的先决条件,其它环境因素如营养盐、有机污染物等超过一定量或pH值改变时会对珊瑚造成生理压力,降低其对病毒的抵抗力,也可能改变病原体生存的生态阈值,增强其病原毒力,引发并加速疾病的扩散。此外,珊瑚的生存环境如覆盖度、水深等与疾病的爆发也有一定的关系,一般认为覆盖度高,水深较浅处珊瑚疾病发生频率高。     

高原人体左心室舒张功能和顺应性的改变

应用同步描记心电图、心音图、颈动脉搏动图和心尖搏动图以测定高原人体的左心室舒张功能和顺应性。在4个不同海拔高度进行实验,即76m(海平对照)、2161m、3270m和4179m,每一高度40名健康男性青年,高原3组世居、移居各20名。结果显示:随着海拔增高,主动舒张时间指数(TRTI)有减小趋势,RF波相对振幅(F/H)逐渐降低,A波相对振幅(A/D)则渐趋增大,3270m以上增大明显(p<0.05),舒张振幅时间指数(DATI)逐渐降低,3270m以上差异极显著(p<0.001)。高原世居与移居者相比,在海拔4179m出现明显差别,移居组TRTI、DATI、F/H较低而A/D较高(D<0.05)。测定射血前期与左室射血时间比值(PEP/LVET)、射血分数(EF)及左室周径纤维平均缩短速度(mVcf)3项指标作对照,显示在此高度左室收缩功能仍能保持。高原慢性心肌缺氧可能是导致左室舒张功能和顺应性轻度降低的原因。     

一种改良的转基因甘蔗基因组DNA提取方法

用改良的转基因甘蔗基因组DNA提取方法可从少量的转基因甘蔗叶片中简便快速地提取高质量的DNA,有效地去除甘蔗叶片中的多糖、多酚类和RNA等物质。经核酸蛋白测定仪及凝胶电泳分析表明,该改良方法提取的DNA具有典型的DNA分子标准紫外吸收光谱特点,其A260/A280为1．7-1．9,A260/A230为1．8-2．0,叶片的DNA产量为45-60μg(100mg)^-1,适用于对转基因甘蔗进行PCR、酶切和Southern杂交检测分析。     

Diurnal, circadian and photic regulation of calcium/calmodulin-dependent kinase II and neuronal nitric oxide synthase in the hamster suprachiasmatic nuclei

Mammalian circadian rhythms are entrained by light pulses that induce phosphorylation events in the suprachiasmatic nuclei (SCN). Ca²⁺-dependent enzymes are known to be involved in circadian phase shifting. In this paper, we show that calcium/calmodulin-dependent kinase II (CaMKII) is rhythmically phosphorylated in the SCN both under entrained and free-running (constant dark) conditions while neuronal nitric oxide synthase (nNOS) is rhythmically phosphorylated in the SCN only under entrained conditions. Both p-CaMKII and p-NOS (specifically phosphorylated by CaMKII) levels peak during the day or subjective day. Light pulses administered during the subjective night, but not during the day, induced rapid phosphorylation of both enzymes. Moreover, we found an inhibitory effect of KN-62 and KN-93, both CaMKII inhibitors, on light-induced nNOS activity and nNOS phosphorylation respectively, suggesting a direct pathway between both enzymes which is at least partially responsible of photic circadian entrainment.     

Bidirectional increase in permeability of nuclear envelope upon poliovirus infection and accompanying alterations of nuclear pores

Poliovirus and some other picornaviruses trigger relocation of certain nuclear proteins into the cytoplasm. Here, by using a protein changing its fluorescence color with time and containing a nuclear localization signal (NLS), we demonstrate that the poliovirus-triggered relocation is largely due to the exit of presynthesized nuclear protein into the cytoplasm. The leakiness of the nuclear envelope was also documented by the inability of nuclei from digitonin-permeabilized, virus-infected (but not mock-infected) cells to retain an NLS-containing derivative of green fluorescent protein (GFP). The cytoplasm-to-nucleus traffic was also facilitated during infection, as evidenced by experiments with GAPDH (glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate dehydrogenase), cyclin B1, and an NLS-lacking derivative of GFP, which are predominantly cytoplasmic in uninfected cells. Electron microscopy demonstrated that a bar-like barrier structure in the channel of the nuclear pores, seen in uninfected cells, was missing in the infected cells, giving the impression of fully open pores. Transient expression of poliovirus 2A protease also resulted in relocation of the nuclear proteins. Lysates from poliovirus-infected or 2A-expressing cells induced efflux of 3xEGFP-NLS from the nuclei of permeabilized uninfected cells. This activity was inhibited by the elastase inhibitors elastatinal and N-(methoxysuccinyl)-L-alanyl-L-alanyl-L-prolyl-L-valine chloromethylketone (drugs known also to be inhibitors of poliovirus protease 2A), a caspase inhibitor zVAD(OMe), fmk, and some other protease inhibitors. These data suggest that 2A elicited nuclear efflux, possibly in cooperation with a zVAD(OMe).fmk-sensitive protease. However, poliovirus infection facilitated nuclear protein efflux also in cells deficient in caspase-3 and caspase-9, suggesting that the efflux may occur without the involvement of these enzymes. The biological relevance of nucleocytoplasmic traffic alterations in infected cells is discussed.