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21.
A genetic algorithm for maximum-likelihood phylogeny inference using nucleotide sequence data 总被引:6,自引:2,他引:4
Phylogeny reconstruction is a difficult computational problem, because the
number of possible solutions increases with the number of included taxa.
For example, for only 14 taxa, there are more than seven trillion possible
unrooted phylogenetic trees. For this reason, phylogenetic inference
methods commonly use clustering algorithms (e.g., the neighbor-joining
method) or heuristic search strategies to minimize the amount of time spent
evaluating nonoptimal trees. Even heuristic searches can be painfully slow,
especially when computationally intensive optimality criteria such as
maximum likelihood are used. I describe here a different approach to
heuristic searching (using a genetic algorithm) that can tremendously
reduce the time required for maximum-likelihood phylogenetic inference,
especially for data sets involving large numbers of taxa. Genetic
algorithms are simulations of natural selection in which individuals are
encoded solutions to the problem of interest. Here, labeled phylogenetic
trees are the individuals, and differential reproduction is effected by
allowing the number of offspring produced by each individual to be
proportional to that individual's rank likelihood score. Natural selection
increases the average likelihood in the evolving population of phylogenetic
trees, and the genetic algorithm is allowed to proceed until the likelihood
of the best individual ceases to improve over time. An example is presented
involving rbcL sequence data for 55 taxa of green plants. The genetic
algorithm described here required only 6% of the computational effort
required by a conventional heuristic search using tree
bisection/reconnection (TBR) branch swapping to obtain the same
maximum-likelihood topology.
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This study established for the first time the impact of harvesting on post-harvest papyrus (Cyperus
papyrus L.) biomass regeneration potential, with two harvesting regimes compared. Above-ground papyrus biomass was determined. Biomass
varied with site. Site had no effect on regeneration potential, but monthly harvesting reduced papyrus biomass regeneration
potential among sites. However, seasonal (6-monthly) harvesting did not appear to affect papyrus biomass regeneration potential.
Exponential and polynomial trend analyses revealed a consistent downward trend for monthly harvest biomass, and the polynomial
trend was more linear (F = 97.913; P < 0.001) than periodic (F = 9.617; P < 0.05). The polynomial trend scenario indicated how papyrus biological dynamics are likely to behave as monthly harvests
are repeated. This suggests that regeneration potential is significantly reduced with successive monthly harvest, leading
to weak spatial connectivity, papyrus stand fragmentation, and increased landscape patchiness. A 6-month harvest regime can
be established to regenerate more biomass between harvests than is currently the case, with positive implications for wetland
conservation and carbon sequestration. Papyrus harvesters can be kept off the swamps by establishing a riparian buffer zone
of agro forestry trees and shrubs which can substitute for the papyrus as it is left to mature. However, while the information
presented is useful for papyrus wetland management strategies, it is recognized that the study period was too short to permit
a generalized recommendation. 相似文献
24.
April DeLaurier Nicholas Burton Michael Bennett Richard Baldock Duncan Davidson Timothy J Mohun Malcolm PO Logan 《BMC developmental biology》2008,8(1):83
Background
The developing mouse limb is widely used as a model system for studying tissue patterning. Despite this, few references are available that can be used for the correct identification of developing limb structures, such as muscles and tendons. Existing textual references consist of two-dimensional (2D) illustrations of the adult rat or mouse limb that can be difficult to apply when attempting to describe the complex three-dimensional (3D) relationship between tissues. 相似文献25.
Improving the performance of the EPT Index to accommodate multiple stressors in Afrotropical streams
The EPT index (Ephemeroptera, Plecoptera and Trichoptera) may be skewed by the wide tolerance to multiple stressors of the Baetid, Caenid and Hydropsychid families, which affects the performance of the EPT index as an indicator of multiple stressors in aquatic ecosystems. The effect of the BCH families on the EPT index was evaluated and alternatives were considered to improve its performance. The hypothesis that the removal of the BCH families improves sensitivity of the EPT index to human-induced stressors in streams and rivers was tested. Macroinvertebrates were collected in January–March 2009 at 22 sites in the Nyando and Nzoia Rivers, Lake Victoria basin, Kenya. Nine derivatives and modifications of the EPT index were tested for responses to a disturbance gradient, ranked into three condition categories (reference, intermediate and impaired). The sensitivity of the proportionate abundance derivative of the EPT index improved when the BCH families were removed, whereas that of the richness derivative improved marginally. Other modifications considered performed poorly when compared with the EPT-BCH metrics. Wide distribution of the BCH across all sites, irrespective of the level of disturbance, reduced the sensitivity of the EPT index in the studied streams. The removal of the BCH families enhanced the sensitivity of the index to multiple stressors in Afrotropical streams and rivers. 相似文献