农林复合系统固碳潜力研究进展

农林复合系统是解决当前资源枯竭、农林用地紧张和实现环境保护的一种可持续土壤管理模式。自《京都议定书》签订以来, 农林复合系统因其较高的固碳潜力引起了科学家的广泛关注。深入理解农林复合系统的固碳过程及其对气候变化、环境条件的改变和管理措施的响应, 是准确地预测农林复合系统在全球变化情景下固碳潜力的关键。该文综述了农林复合系统的概念和分类, 探讨了农林复合系统相比单一系统的固碳潜力及固碳机理, 分析了农林复合系统固碳潜力的测定方法和当前面临的挑战, 综述了气候因子、环境条件和人为管理措施对农林复合系统固碳潜力的影响。我国农林复合系统的固碳潜力相比全球其他区域还处于较低水平, 为提高我国农林复合系统的固碳潜力, 未来需要加强以下四个方面的工作: 扩大农林复合系统的分布面积、加强农林复合系统的合理配置和管理、选择适宜的物种组合和优化系统的群体结构。     

耳时蝉属四新种（同翅目：耳叶蝉科）

本文记述耳叶蝉科耳叶蝉属四新种：１．浅斑耳叶蝉Ｌｅｄｒａｐａｌｌｉｄｅｓｐ．ｎｏｖ,２．片脊耳叶蝉Ｌｅｄｒａｌａｍｅｌｌａｓｐ．ｎｏｖ,３．黑纹耳叶蝉Ｌｅｄｒａｎｉｇｒｏｌｉｎｅａｔａｓｐ．ｎｏｖ,４．明冠耳叶蝉Ｌｅｄｒａｈｙａｌｉｎａｓｐ．ｎｏｖ．．标本分别采自我国西藏、云南及安徽省．模式标本保存于安徽农学院．     

Genetic analysis of the peatmoss Sphagnum cribrosum (Sphagnaceae) indicates independent origins of an extreme infra‐specific morphology shift

Within Sphagnum cribrosum, a dioicous aquatic peatmoss, a unique morphological variant (the ‘waveform’), found at only two lakes in North Carolina, has a branching architecture that is extremely differentiated from anything otherwise known in Sphagnum, although the plants are microscopically indistinguishable from S. cribrosum. At one site where the two morphologies co‐occur, 60 years of field observations demonstrate the persistence of each morphology, even where the two forms grow intermixed. We conducted a reciprocal transplant experiment in which waveform and normal plants maintained their divergent morphologies for 8 months. We sampled populations throughout the range and conducted genetic and phylogenetic analyses with microsatellite markers and DNA sequences to investigate the genetic context of the waveform morphology within S. cribrosum. Haplotype networks from DNA sequences showed the two waveform populations are separated by 11 substitutions across three loci. Microsatellite analyses using nonparametric clustering and admixture models also indicated genetic dissimilarity between genotypes with waveform morphology at the two lakes. Both molecular datasets suggest that the waveform morphology had at least two independent origins, despite the proximity of the two lakes where it occurs uniquely. Given the clonal nature of the waveform, it is unlikely to form a cohesive evolutionary lineage deserving of taxonomic status. The analysis also revealed a genetically diverse population in Georgia as the potential source of variation found in all other populations of S. cribrosum. © 2012 The Linnean Society of London, Biological Journal of the Linnean Society, 2012, 106 , 137–153.     

解磷微生物的研究进展

磷是植物生长必需的矿质元素之一,而土壤中可溶性磷的含量比较低。土壤中有大量的微生物存在,其中有一些微生物能够将土壤中的不溶性磷转化成可溶性磷,主要对解磷微生物的种类、数量、分布、解磷机制及应用方面的有关情况进行综述。     

灭活原生质体融合选育木糖、葡萄糖共发酵酿酒酵母工程菌

为了选育高效利用木糖、葡萄糖共发酵,并使乙醇产量有所提高的酿酒酵母工程菌株。以酿酒酵母Saccharomyces cerevisiae W5和休哈塔假丝酵母Candida shehatae 20335为亲本株,确定了双亲株原生质体灭活剂量,并进行原生质体融合获得融合子,用高效液相色谱（HPLC）测定融合子以木糖、葡萄糖单碳源及混合碳源发酵时的乙醇得率。结果表明,获得一株发酵性能优良的融合子HDY2-14,其利用木糖和葡萄糖单碳源发酵的乙醇得率分别为0.213g/g和0.257g/g,混合碳源发酵的乙醇得率为0.310g/g,其中混合碳源乙醇得率比亲本株W5和20335的乙醇得率分别提高了20.2%和15.2%。     

引种桉树对本地生物多样性的影响

桉树以速生和适应多种环境的特性成为世界著名的造林树种.但引种桉树对环境可能产生负面影响,如导致土地退化、地下水水位下降和多样性降低等,特别是对林下本地生物物种多样性的影响及其原因还存有争议.本文对此进行了综述,认为大部分桉树人工林本地物种数量低于天然林,一般不高于乡土树种人工林,但总体上好于其他外来树种人工林.导致桉树人工林生物多样性低的原因主要是桉树的生理生态特性、人类不合理的规划和砍伐等,其中人为因素起主导作用.若根据引种地的群落性质,通过严格的设计和科学管理,可以将这种负面影响最小化.应按照有利于群落正常发育和植被更新的方式栽种桉树人工林,保留天然植被,减少人为干扰,从而减轻引种桉树的负面影响.     

松毛虫黑卵蜂(Telenomus dendrolimus Chu)在林内散放后的习性观察

一.绪言 松毛虫是为害松林的主要害虫之一,松树被害后丧失针叶,妨碍了树木的正常发育,轻者造成大面积松林枯萎,重者致使树木枯死,从而影响国家工业化建设所需木材的供应和造林事业的顺利开展。几年来在党和政府英明领导下在积极防除方面曾采取了人工捕杀与化学防除等办法,对歼灭松毛虫起了一定效果。至於应用松毛虫天敌消灭松毛虫的生物防除法过去在国内尚缺乏深入的研究。因而仍无成熟经验来指导实     

Floral organogenesis of Helleborus thibetanus and Nigella damascena (Ranunculaceae) and its systematic significance

Floral organogenesis in Helleborus thibetanus and Nigella damascena was examined and compared using scanning electron microscopy and light microscopy, and the putative relationships of Helleborus and Nigella were analysed. H. thibetanus and N. damascena share some features of floral phyllotaxis and development of the sepals, petals, stamens and carpels, which are also found in other members of Ranunculaceae. However, they differ strongly in the number and degree of fusion of the carpels: in H. thibetanus, the two carpels are slightly united at the base, whereas, in N. damascena, the gynoecium is syncarpous and the five carpels are united throughout the ovary. Differences are also noted in petal development. The blade of the young petal of H. thibetanus develops two bulges which become connate and then fuse with the blade at the sides, developing more quickly than the blade and forming a tubular petal. In N. damascena, a single ridge is formed on the petal blade which develops into the smaller adaxial labium of the bilabiate petal, whereas the blade itself develops into the larger abaxial labium bearing two pseudonectaries. The outermost stamens are delayed in development in Helleborus, but not in Nigella. Although the results from our investigation are preliminary, differences in floral development characters suggest that Helleborus and Nigella may not be closely related and possibly support placement into separate tribes. © 2011 The Linnean Society of London, Botanical Journal of the Linnean Society, 2011, 166 , 431–443.     

酵母鉴定程序在酵母分类鉴定中的应用

本文介绍了Barnett等1985年编制并由剑桥大学发行的计算机软件《酵母鉴定程序》,以及如何使用该程序在IBM PC DOS操作系统上进行酵母菌的分类鉴定。我们使用该程序对从云南鸡足山和紫金山两地森林土壤中分离到的82株酵母菌进行了分类鉴定,其中:鉴定到种的有47株,占总株数的57.3％;鉴定到属但未能直接定到种的有21株,占总株数的25.6％;暂未定名的有14株,占总株数的17.1％。     

喙丽金龟属新种记述(金龟子科:丽金龟亚科)

本文记述了在云南采获的金龟子科丽金龟亚科喙丽金龟属的新种5种。新种的模式标本存中国科学院动物研究所。 Adoretus(Prionadoretus)runcinatus新种 体长9-10毫米,体宽4-4.7毫米。 棕或深棕色。披灰白色短细卧毛,均匀不密,底色显露,极疏稀地夹杂较长的竖毛。 体长形,届部稍宽。唇基半圆形,边缘上卷,在黑色边缘后密生一列短毛,表面布锯齿状细刻和小粒疣;额唇基缝稍后弯;额头顶部刻点较粗密,前方刻纹与唇基上的相似;上唇及其喙状部边缘有锯齿状深裂,喙状部的中纵脊弱小或缺;触角10节,鳃片部长于前6节