耳时蝉属四新种（同翅目：耳叶蝉科）

本文记述耳叶蝉科耳叶蝉属四新种：１．浅斑耳叶蝉Ｌｅｄｒａｐａｌｌｉｄｅｓｐ．ｎｏｖ,２．片脊耳叶蝉Ｌｅｄｒａｌａｍｅｌｌａｓｐ．ｎｏｖ,３．黑纹耳叶蝉Ｌｅｄｒａｎｉｇｒｏｌｉｎｅａｔａｓｐ．ｎｏｖ,４．明冠耳叶蝉Ｌｅｄｒａｈｙａｌｉｎａｓｐ．ｎｏｖ．．标本分别采自我国西藏、云南及安徽省．模式标本保存于安徽农学院．     

氦氖激光和亚硝基胍复合诱变选育高产乙醇的休哈塔假丝酵母

木糖的乙醇发酵一直被视为木质纤维原料生物转化产生乙醇的关键因素,休哈塔假丝酵母(Candidashehatae)是木糖发酵性能较好的天然酵母之一。对Candida shehatae HDYXHT-01进行了氦氖激光诱变和NTG诱变,力求选育出发酵木糖产乙醇能力强的菌株。氦氖激光诱变得到的突变株HN-3乙醇产量为17.03g/L,乙醇得率达到0.3393g/g,相比原始菌株提高20.36%。再对HN-3进行NTG诱变,得到的突变株NTG-2乙醇产量为24.20g/L,相比HN-3提高42.10%。进而对NTG-2菌株进行了摇瓶48h连续发酵试验,测得其乙醇产量、木糖利用率、乙醇得率和乙醇产率分别达到24.16g/L,69.26%,0.4360g/g和0.7075g/(L·h)。     

传统豆酱发酵过程中细菌多样性动态

细菌在豆酱发酵过程中起到非常重要的作用,并与豆酱的风味和质量密切相关,因此研究豆酱中细菌的多样性具有重要意义。以自然发酵的豆酱样品为研究对象,采用细菌16S rDNA的部分可变区的PCR-DGGE技术对自然发酵豆酱样品的细菌群落组成和优势菌群进行研究。结果表明,传统豆酱发酵过程细菌群体中既有原始种群的减少和增长,也有次级种群的增多和演变。在整个发酵过程中,初期和末期以不可培养细菌为主,初期细菌群体快速演替,细菌种群多样性指数在发酵42 d和56 d达到两次高峰。     

低温对不同耐寒力的黄瓜幼苗子叶的各细胞器中NAD~+-苹果酸脱氢酶的影响

NAD~+-MDH在黄瓜子叶中的定位是细胞溶质中占总活性的55～59％,线粒体为38～35％,叶绿体为7％。其同工酶谱亦为细胞溶质中带数最多,全青为5条,粤早3号为4条,线粒体和叶绿体均为1条,品种间无明显差异。黄瓜幼苗随低温胁迫的加剧,伤害逐步加重,子叶电解质渗出率明显增加,NAD~+-MDH活性亦不断下降,其中叶绿体的NAD~+-MDH对低温最敏感,1±1℃处理就能反映品种间耐寒力的差异。叶绿体和线粒体的NAD~+-MDH同工酶对低温的反应与活性变化一致,谱带数没有差异,只是活性降低。细胞溶质部分酶带较多,各条酶带对低温的反应不同。     

中国葫白蚁新属及二新种(等翅目:白蚁科:象白蚁亚科)

葫白蚁属Cucurbitermes新属 模式种:英德葫白蚁Cucurbitermes yingdeensis新种 兵蚁(图1—4,9—16)体型中等或大型。单态或二态。除象鼻顶端有几根刚毛外,头部和胸部背板光秃无毛。头无象鼻时,长宽几等或宽稍大于长。正面观,鼻基与触角窝处有明显葫芦状收缩,触角窝后强烈凸出,两侧圆形,后缘稍平。象鼻瘦长,管状,近顶端逐     

Driving forces shaping phytoplankton assemblages in two subtropical plateau lakes with contrasting trophic status

1. We studied driving forces shaping phytoplankton assemblages in two subtropical plateau lakes with contrasting trophic status, the oligotrophic deep Lake Fuxian and the eutrophic shallow Lake Xingyun. 2. Phytoplankton samples were taken monthly for a year and phytoplankton species were sorted into the main taxonomic groups and associations proposed by Reynolds. A canonical correspondence analysis (CCA) was used to test the occurrence of these classification schemes and to determine their discriminatory power. 3. The results suggest that the major driving forces in Lake Fuxian were physical variables, and particularly the underwater light climate, whereas, nutrients were the important driving force in Lake Xingyun. 4. Top–down control through zooplankton grazing in Lake Fuxian was hardly ever a significant determinant itself, because of the scarcity of zooplankton and their low grazing efficiency of predation while a dominance of inedible cyanobacteria throughout the year rendered top–down controls ineffective failing in Lake Xingyun. Hence phytoplankton communities in both lakes appear to be regulated primarily by bottom–up controls.     

侧孢座腔菌属一新种*

本文报道了分离自东北红豆杉Taxuscuspidata树皮及小枝中的侧孢座腔菌属一新种——红豆杉侧孢座腔菌Pleurocytosporataxi。新种有拉丁文简介并附图,模式标本保存于齐齐哈尔大学微生物实验室(HQD54)。     

History and evolution of alpine plants endemic to the Qinghai-Tibetan Plateau: Aconitum gymnandrum (Ranunculaceae)

How Quaternary climatic oscillations affected range distributions and intraspecific divergence of alpine plants on the Qinghai‐Tibetan Plateau (QTP) remains largely unknown. Here, we report a survey of chloroplast DNA (cpDNA) and nuclear ribosomal internal transcribed spacer (ITS) DNA variation aimed at exploring the phylogeographical history of the QTP alpine endemic Aconitum gymnandrum. We sequenced three cpDNA fragments (rpl20–rps12 intergenic spacer, the trnV intron and psbA‐trnH spacer) and also the nuclear (ITS) region in 245 individuals from 23 populations sampled throughout the species’ range. Two distinct lineages, with eastern and western geographical distributions respectively, were identified from a phylogenetic analysis of ITS sequence variation. Based on a fast substitution rate, these were estimated to have diverged from each other in the early Pleistocene approximately 1.45 Ma. The analysis of cpDNA variation identified nine chlorotypes that clustered into two major clades that were broadly congruent in geographical distribution with the two ITS lineages. The east–west split of cpDNA divergence was supported by an amova which partitioned approximately half of the total variance between these two groups of populations. Analysis of the spatial distribution of chlorotypes showed that each clade was subdivided into two groups of populations such that a total of four population groups existed in the species. It is suggested that these different groups derive from four independent glacial refugia that existed during the Last Glacial Maximum (LGM), and that three of these refugia were located at high altitude on the QTP platform itself at that time. Coalescent simulation of chlorotype genealogies supported both an early Pleistocene origin of the two main cpDNA clades and also the ‘four‐refugia’ hypothesis during the LGM. Two previous phylogeographical studies of QTP alpine plants indicated that such plants retreated to refugia at the eastern/south‐eastern plateau edge during the LGM and/or previous glacial maxima. However, the results for A. gymnandrum suggest that at least some of these cold‐tolerant species may have also survived centrally on the QTP platform throughout the Quaternary.     

糖皮质激素及其他甾体激素对大鼠下丘脑薄片释放精氨酸加压素的影响

本工作采用离体孵育技术,观察大鼠下丘脑薄片（含有室旁核和视上核）释放精氨酸加压素（ＡＶＰ）和糖皮质激素（ＧＣ）及其他甾体激素对ＡＶＰ释放的快速影响。结果如下：（１）大鼠下丘脑薄片经过９０ｍｉｎ的恢复之后,在长达６ｈ的孵育过程中能够相当稳定地释放ＡＶＰ,释放量为９．０６±１．２３ｐｇ／ｍｉｎ;（２）皮质酮（Ｂ）在２０ｍｉｎ内可明显地抑制ＡＶＰ的释放,在１０－７—１０－４ｍｏｌ／Ｌ范围内呈剂量－效应关系;（３）在同一剂量（１０－６ｍｏｌ／Ｌ）,皮质醇、１７β－雌二醇和睾丸酮也可快速地抑制ＡＶＰ的释放,而相同剂量的地塞米松、醛固酮、孕酮、ＲＵ４８６和胆固醇却无此效应;（４）ＲＵ４８６（１０－７—１０－３ｍｏｌ／Ｌ）对ＡＶＰ的释放没有影响,但却能（１０－５—１０－３ｍｏｌ／Ｌ）部分地阻断Ｂ的快速抑制效应。这些结果表明,ＧＣ对大鼠下丘脑ＡＶＰ的释放具有不通过传统的基因组机制的快速抑制效应,此种抑制效应可能与ＧＣ的负反馈调节作用有关。     

Floral organogenesis of Helleborus thibetanus and Nigella damascena (Ranunculaceae) and its systematic significance

Floral organogenesis in Helleborus thibetanus and Nigella damascena was examined and compared using scanning electron microscopy and light microscopy, and the putative relationships of Helleborus and Nigella were analysed. H. thibetanus and N. damascena share some features of floral phyllotaxis and development of the sepals, petals, stamens and carpels, which are also found in other members of Ranunculaceae. However, they differ strongly in the number and degree of fusion of the carpels: in H. thibetanus, the two carpels are slightly united at the base, whereas, in N. damascena, the gynoecium is syncarpous and the five carpels are united throughout the ovary. Differences are also noted in petal development. The blade of the young petal of H. thibetanus develops two bulges which become connate and then fuse with the blade at the sides, developing more quickly than the blade and forming a tubular petal. In N. damascena, a single ridge is formed on the petal blade which develops into the smaller adaxial labium of the bilabiate petal, whereas the blade itself develops into the larger abaxial labium bearing two pseudonectaries. The outermost stamens are delayed in development in Helleborus, but not in Nigella. Although the results from our investigation are preliminary, differences in floral development characters suggest that Helleborus and Nigella may not be closely related and possibly support placement into separate tribes. © 2011 The Linnean Society of London, Botanical Journal of the Linnean Society, 2011, 166 , 431–443.