Contrasting responses of migration strategies in two European thrushes to climate change

Migration is a widespread strategy that enables animals to escape harsh winter conditions. It has been well documented that migration phenology in birds is changing in response to recent climate warming in the northern hemisphere. Despite the existence of large temporal and geographical scale ringing data on birds in Europe, changes in migration strategies in relation to climate warming have not been well studied, mainly because of a lack of appropriate statistical methods. In this paper, we develop a method that enables us to investigate temporal changes in migration strategies from recoveries of dead ringed birds. We estimated migration probability as the ratio between recovery probabilities of conspecific birds originating from different countries but potentially wintering in the same country. We applied this method to two European thrushes: the entirely migrant redwing Turdus iliacus , and the partially migrant blackbird T. merula . We tested for an immediate and a 1-year lagged relationship between our migration probability and climatic covariates (i.e. mean winter temperature in France and the North Atlantic Oscillation). Using ringing-recovery data collected in Finland, Germany, Switzerland and France from 1970 to 1999, we detected contrasting responses in these two species, likely related to their different migratory behaviours. Both species showed a decline in the probability for northern and eastern birds to winter in France. The entirely migratory redwing exhibited a year-to-year plastic response to climate, whereas the decline in the partially migrant blackbird was smooth, suggesting underlying genetic processes. The proposed method, thus, allows us to identify useful indicators of climatic impacts on migration strategies, as well as highlighting differences between closely related species.     

Threatened plants of New Caledonia: Is the system of protected areas adequate?

With 76% of its 3063 native species of flora endemic, the New Caledonia biodiversity hotspot has long been recognized as having a high potential for conservation. Under the new IUCN Red List categories, 25% of the endemic plants are at risk (Conservation Dependent, Vulnerable, Endangered, Critically Endangered), and five species are already extinct. A review of their distribution demonstrates that 83% of the threatened species do not occur at all in a conservation area, and only 11% have their conservation status improved by a protected area. The protected area network is geographically and floristically very unbalanced, with the rainforest and high altitude maquis in the south concentrating most of the conservation effort. Conversely, the middle and northern segments of the island, as well as all of the dry west coast, are left without adequate conservation area. Two vegetation types, the sclerophyll forest and the unique low/middle altitude maquis, are virtually totally unprotected. We conclude that the current network of protected areas needs to be considerably expanded, in terms of both geographical/floristic subregions within New Caledonia and vegetation type covered. With only 54% of the conservation area covered by strict mining restrictions, existing reserves need to have their conservation efficiency improved by a more vigorous enforcement of their status, and by extending mining bans to all of them.     

A New Least Squares Based Calibration for an Ultrasound Tomography Scanner Using Radial Image Processing

In the context of the development of an ultrasound scanner where a probe turns around the part of the body to be studied, a new tomographic technique has been developed: the Ultrasound Reflection-mode Tomography Using Radial Image Processing (URTURIP Technique). This technique is used when a unique B-scan image is insufficient to correctly describe a cross-section. It utilises B-scan images obtained under different angles of view in the same plane to reconstruct a better cross-sectional image. Before using the URTURIP Technique, a calibration step is required to accurately determine the centre of rotation of the probe. To solve the calibration problem, a reference method has been developed, but it is very time-consuming. This paper presents a faster method based on a least squares fitting and is compared to the reference method in terms of accuracy and time-consuming.     

Phylogeny of Trichomonads Based On Partial Sequences of Large Subunit Rrna and On Cladistic Analysis of Morphological Data

ABSTRACT. Several domains of large subunit rRNA from nine trichomonad species have been sequenced. Molecular phylogenies obtained with parsimony and distance methods demonstrate the trichomonads are a monophyletic group which branches very early in the eukaryotic tree. the topology of the trees is in general agreement with traditional views on evolutionary and systematic relationships of trichomonads. A clear dichotomy is noted between the subfamily Trichomonadinae and the subfamily Tritrichomonadinae. In the latter subfamily, a second division separates the " Tritrichomonas muris -type" species from the " Tritrichomonas augusta -type" ones. Previous evolutionary schemes in which the Monocercomonadidae were regarded as the most "primitive" and the Trichomonadidae as more "evolved" are not in agreement with our molecular data. the emergence of Monocercomonas and Hypotrichomonas at the base of the Tritrichomonas lineage suggests a secondary loss of some cytoskeletal structures, the costa and undulating membrane in these genera. This is corroborated by the early branching position of Trichomitus. which possesses a costa and an undulating membrane and has usually been placed among the Trichomonadidae on the basis of cytological characters. A cladistic analysis was applied to the available morphological characters in order to produce a hierarchical grouping of the taxa reflecting their morphological diversity. Supplementary key words. Evolution, molecular phylogeny, morphological cladistic analysis.     

Spatial and temporal aquatic–terrestrial transitions in the temporary Albarine River,France: responses of invertebrates to experimental rewetting

1. In temporary rivers, viewed as coupled terrestrial–aquatic ecosystems, spatial and temporal transition zones between aquatic and terrestrial conditions are common and occur simultaneously. 2. The effects of artificial rewetting on terrestrial and aquatic invertebrate assemblages were examined in dry sediments collected from the Albarine River, France. Rewetted sediments had previously been dry for between 0.1 and 142 days. Dry sediments were collected directly from the streambed (DS) and from riparian gravel bars (RGB). 3. We first predicted that invertebrate responses to rewetting would vary with the duration of the preceding dry period. Second, we predicted convergence of the invertebrate assemblages in DS and RGB sediments with increasing duration of the dry period. Third, we predicted that an aquatic ‘invertebrate seedbank’ (aquatic life stages that persist within streambed sediments during dry periods) would contribute substantially to the resilience of benthic assemblages. 4. Results indicated that the duration of the dry period was the primary driver of aquatic and terrestrial responses to artificial rewetting. The density and richness of aquatic taxa decreased with the duration of the dry period in both DS and RGB sediments, whereas the density of terrestrial invertebrates increased in DS sediments. 5. No convergence between DS and RGB assemblage composition was observed with an increasing dry period. Although there were more aquatic organisms in DS sediments than in RGB sediments, there was no difference in taxonomic richness between sediment types. Even after prolonged dry periods (142 days), there was typically a lower density and taxonomic richness of terrestrial invertebrates in DS sediments than in adjacent RGB sediments. 6. The results suggest that the aquatic invertebrate seedbank could contribute substantially to the resilience of benthic assemblages in the Albarine River, in addition to other mechanisms such as drift and oviposition. Of the taxa in the benthos before and after the summer dry period, 65% were also recovered from artificially rewetted DS sediments. The simultaneous presence of temporal and spatial terrestrial–aquatic transition zones in temporary rivers increases successional diversity (i.e. mosaics of dry and saturated streambed patches at various stages of terrestrial and aquatic succession). This contribution to biodiversity emphasises the need to protect dry reaches of temporary rivers.     

Nine polymorphic microsatellite markers in Crepis sancta (Asteraceae)

We describe nine new variable di‐ and trinucleotide microsatellites in the plant Crepis sancta, as well as conditions for multiplexing and simultaneous genotyping sets of loci. Their variability was assessed in four populations. Four to 33 alleles were detected per locus; two to 23 alleles per population. Significant deviations from Hardy–Weinberg equilibrium could be attributed either to a mating system involving partial selfing or to null alleles. Genetic differentiation over all loci was significant among the four populations studied. These markers will constitute an efficient tool for investigating dispersal patterns in fragmented landscapes. Cross‐species amplification provided few loci variability in three other Crepis species (C. pulcra, C. foetida and C. rubra).     

Development of an RT-PCR on the Heat Shock Protein 70 Gene for Viability Detection of Pneumocystis carinii f. sp. hominis in Patients with Pneumocystosis and in Air Sample

SUMMARY. To test the viability of Pneumocystis carinii f. sp. hominis , an RT-PCR assay that employs specific primers from the Heat Shock Protein 70 gene was developed. Using this method, the viability of P.c. hominis in bronchoalveolar lavage fluids from patients developing PCP and in the environment of PCP patients was established.