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51.
动物系统发育和大规模测序:进展和问题 总被引:2,自引:2,他引:0
Hervé PHILIPPE 《植物分类学报》2008,46(3):274-286
Phylogenomics, the inference of phylogenetic trees using genome-scale data, is becoming the rule for resolving difficult parts of the tree of life. Its promise resides in the large amount of information available, which should eliminate stochastic error. However, systematic error, which is due to limitations of reconstruction methods, is becoming more apparent. We will illustrate, using animal phylogeny as a case study, the three most efficient approaches to avoid the pitfalls of phylogenomics (1) using a dense taxon sampling, (2) using probabilistic methods with complex models of sequence evolution that more accurately detect multiple substitutions, and (3) removing the fastest evolving part of the data (e.g., species and positions). The analysis of a dataset of 55 animal species and 102 proteins (25712 amino acid positions) shows that standard site-homogeneous model inference is sensitive to long-branch attraction artifact, whereas the site-heterogeneous CAT model is less so. The latter model correctly locates three very fast evolving species, the appendicularian tunicate Oikopleura, the acoel Convoluta and the myxozoan Buddenbrockia. Overall, the resulting tree is in excellent agreement with the new animal phylogeny, confirming that "simple" organisms like platyhelminths and nematodes are not necessarily of basal emergence. This further emphasizes the importance of secondary simplification in animals, and for organismal evolution in general. 相似文献
52.
Summary The male cells in the ovotestis of hibernating snails undergo multiplication when the temperature of the environment is raised from 5°C to 25°C. If the temperature is maintained at 25°C for 4 weeks the process of spermatogenesis is completed but the rate of spermatogenesis (DNA synthesis) starts decreasing from the 3rd week (Table 1; Fig. 1). Brain ablation in hibernating snails maintained at 25°C causes a significant increase in DNA synthesis exclusively in male cells of the ovotestis. This suggests that the brain exerts an inhibitory influence on spermatogenic multiplication. This influence is effective only during the first and the fourth week of exposure of hibernating snails to 25°C (Fig. 1; Table 1) indicating the existence of an endogenous cyclical control. Spermiogenesis is, however, not affected by brain extirpation (Fig. 4 A,B,C). When reimplanted in the head haemocoel the brain appears normal histologically (Fig. 5 A,B) and it reestablishes the inhibitory influence on DNA synthesis in the ovotestis only during the first day of temperature-induction. During the 1st, 3rd and 4th week the reimplanted brain, deprived of its neural connections, fails to exert its inhibitory influence suggesting that for this influence to function neural connections to the brain are essential. Surprisingly, the implanted brain seems to inhibit DNA synthesis during the 2nd week of temperature-induction (Table 1). These experiments show that the brain control temperature-induced spermatogenic multiplication in the ovotestis in snails at the onset of hibernation and this control is exerted by one or more inhibitory factors originating from the brain which may function in concert or independently to produce the neuroendocrine effect. It seems therefore justified to consider spermatogenesis in hibernating snails as being neuroendocrinologically controlled. 相似文献
53.
NJIOKOU FLOBERT; BELLEC CHRISTIAN; JARNE PHILIPPE; FINOT LUC; DELAY BERNARD 《Journal of Molluscan Studies》1993,59(2):125-133
Uniparental reproduction in the tetraploid hermaphrodite speciesBulinus truncatus has been suggested to occur via self-fertilization,on the basis of cytological and genetic studies. However, recentanalyses of population genetic structure by protein electrophoresisindicated the occurrence of multi-banded phenotypes referredto as fixed hetero-zygosity. Although intrapopulationand geographical variation of multibanded phenotypes occur,many populations bear only one type of such patterns. This ledto the suggestion that parthenogenesis may well be the matingsyste in B. truncatus. However, such fixed heterozygosity patternsare expected in some tetraploid species in which double disomicinheritance of alleles occurs. It is therefore not possibleto determine from population genetic structure analysis alonewhether segregation occurs or not. Here, we investigate thestability of such patterns over one generation of uniparentalreproduction among four populations. We also present resultsof crossing experiments between individuals from two populations,using two diagnostic loci to analyse their offspring. Our resultsclearly indicate Mendelian segregation of alleles, and confirmsexual reproduction by self-fertilization and cross-fertilization.We interpret the multibanded patterns observed in populationsas the product of both diploid loci of the tetraploid genomewhen they are monomorphic for different alleles. Our study alsoallows us to suggest that partial selfing may be the regularmating system in B. truncatus. (Received 12 February 1992; accepted 7 September 1992) 相似文献
54.
PHILIPPE BORSA 《Biological journal of the Linnean Society. Linnean Society of London》2002,75(2):261-269
Previous surveys of population structure in the Atlantic-Mediterranean anchovy Engraulis encrasicolus L. have reported heterogeneity in morphology, allozyme frequencies, and mitochondrial DNA haplotype frequencies at a regional scale. In particular, two stocks of anchovy have been detected in the Adriatic Sea. In this paper, the available data is reviewed with the aim to relate genetic variation to geography at the widest possible geographical scale, for investigating the evolutionary mechanisms underlying stock structure in anchovy. Correspondence analysis of allozyme frequencies (24 samples, three polymorphic loci) compiled from the literature indicates three distinct entities in the Mediterranean Sea. Open-sea or oceanic anchovy populations are genetically different from inshore-water populations within a region (Nei's ^ G ST = 0.035–0.067), while broadscale geographical variation is weak for each of these two habitat-specific forms (^ G ST = 0.005–0.006). Mitochondrial-DNA haplotype frequencies support the distinction between an inshore form and an oceanic form (^ G ST = 0.067–0.107), with virtually no genetic differences among oceanic populations across the Gulf of Biscay, the western Mediterranean and the Ionian Sea (^ G ST = −0.001). If natural selection on marker loci is unimportant, these results indicate the occurrence of two parapatric, genetically distinct, habitat-specific forms that are widely distributed throughout the Mediterranean Sea. Persistent allele and haplotype-frequency differences between these forms indicate reproductive isolation and the presence of an E. encrasicolus species complex in the Mediterranean. © 2002 The Linnean Society of London, Biological Journal of the Linnean Society 75 : 261–269. 相似文献
55.
Ground and aerial surveys of breeding Sooty Falcons Falco concolor were conducted along the western coast of Saudi Arabia and its offshore islands from August to October 1991 and 1992. An estimated population of 260–381 pairs was found. The known world breeding population is still below 1000 pairs. Most rocky islands were occupied except the largest islands of the Farasan archipelago. Among the many low islets surrounded with mangrove, only one small group near Al Lith harboured breeding Sooty Falcons. The distribution pattern, density and breeding success of the falcons seemed to be strongly influenced by food availability (autumn migration of small and medium-size birds) and the deterring presence of terrestrial predators. Human disturbance and trapping are still of local importance. 相似文献
56.
PHILIPPE BULET TAKEO KISHIMOTO HIROKO SHIRAI 《Development, growth & differentiation》1985,27(3):243-250
1-Methyladenine (1-MeAde) is the endogenous maturation-inducing substance (MIS) in starfish. However, small oocytes have no competence to 1-MeAde even at the concentration of 10?5M. Furthermore, when they were injected with cytoplasm of fully-grown (large) and maturing (1-MeAde-treated) oocytes, known to contain maturation-promoting factor (MPF), they did not undergo germinal vesicle breakdown (GVBD). On the other hand, germinal vesicles (GV) of the small oocytes underwent nuclear breakdown when the small oocytes were fused with the large maturing oocytes. Therefore it is concluded that the GV of the small oocytes are capable of undergoing nuclear breakdown in the presence of the sufficient MPF, but that the small oocytes can not amplify the injected MPF. Fused cells displayed particular shape changes during the course of nuclear breakdown of both the large and the small oocytes. 相似文献
57.
CATHERINE CRÔNIER JEAN-CHRISTOPHE AUFFRAY PHILIPPE COURVILLE 《Lethaia: An International Journal of Palaeontology and Stratigraphy》2005,38(2):123-135
The best insight into the development of Devonian phacopids has been obtained from Trimerocephalus lelievrei Crônier & Feist, 1997, a Famennian phacopine from Morocco, where changes in size and shape have been quantified. In this study, a morphometric approach has been used: (1) to retrodeform and then establish patterns of morphological variation in a well preserved but tectonically deformed assemblage belonging to another phacopine species Weyerites ensae (Richter & Richter, 1926), a Famennian phacopine from Thuringia, and (2) to establish patterns of developmental and evolutionary changes within two closely related species: Weyerites ensae and Trimerocephalus lelievrei. The method of retrodeformation using a set of discrete points presumed to be homologous on all studied individuals, has demonstrated that the next analyses are possible on the retrodeformed material as compared to the undeformed material. Morphometric analysis based on outline analysis has permitted demonstration of progressive shape change in agreement with ontogenetic ordination and a comparison of changes in size and shape in Weyerites ensae. The main changes in shape appear to occur in the meraspid period, whereas increase in size takes place mainly in the holaspid period. This pattern, already reported for Trimerocephalus lelievrei, can be generalized for phacopine trilobites from the Late Devonian. Moreover, the comparison of the two ontogenetic trajectories has shown that most of the differences are related to 'structural' changes, probably linked to a relative pre- post-displacement. The results suggest that ecological adaptation may be studied by examining the changes in development that occur within species through time and space. 相似文献
58.
59.
SHILONG PIAO JINGYUN FANG LIMING ZHOU† PHILIPPE CIAIS‡ BIAO ZHU 《Global Change Biology》2006,12(4):672-685
The relationship between vegetation phenology and climate is a crucial topic in global change research because it indicates dynamic responses of terrestrial ecosystems to climate changes. In this study, we investigate the possible impact of recent climate changes on growing season duration in the temperate vegetation of China, using the advanced very high resolution radiometer (AVHRR)/normalized difference vegetation index (NDVI) biweekly time-series data collected from January 1982 to December 1999 and concurrent mean temperature and precipitation data. The results show that over the study period, the growing season duration has lengthened by 1.16 days yr−1 in temperate region of China. The green-up of vegetation has advanced in spring by 0.79 days yr−1 and the dormancy delayed in autumn by 0.37 days yr−1 . The dates of onset for phenological events are most significantly related with the mean temperature during the preceding 2–3 months. A warming in the early spring (March to early May) by 1°C could cause an earlier onset of green-up of 7.5 days, whereas the same increase of mean temperature during autumn (mid-August through early October) could lead to a delay of 3.8 days in vegetation dormancy. Variations in precipitation also influenced the duration of growing season, but such influence differed among vegetation types and phenological phases. 相似文献
60.
Incidental capture of seabirds in longline fishing gear is a central issue in the conservation of many long-lived marine species. Despite growing evidence of climate-induced effects on population trends of long-lived species, climate change remains generally overlooked in most risk assessments of seabirds. Because variation in climate may interact with the detrimental effects of bycatch, considering climate is of great importance, especially in the context of ongoing global warming. This paper examines the combined effects of bycatch and climate change on the persistence of one of the world's rarest birds, the Amsterdam Albatross Diomedea amsterdamensis , which has a single population in the upland plateau of Amsterdam Island (Southeast Indian Ocean). Using continuous monitoring from 1983 onwards, we first estimated the relationship between climate and the species' demographic parameters. We then built a stochastic matrix population model to estimate the population growth rate and the probability that the population declines below the level recorded in 1983 of nine breeding pairs under different scenarios involving the joint effects of additional mortality caused by longline fisheries and climate change. The results suggest that the demography of the Amsterdam Albatross is influenced by climate in both breeding and wintering grounds and that these relationships may to some extent compensate for the impact of additive bycatch mortality. However, these compensatory effects would be negligible if the annual additional mortality exceeds around six individuals per year, suggesting that the resumption of longline fishery in the foraging range of the Amsterdam Albatross would rapidly put this species at risk of extinction. 相似文献