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91.
The effects of α-MSH and cAMP on melanosomes in Cloudman S91 melanoma cells were investigated by modern stereological techniques. Cells were cultured for 4 days in medium containing α-MSH or cAMP harvested at 24 hour intervals; some were frozen for melanin assay and the reminder embedded in Epon for light and electron microscopy. Cellular and melanosomal parameters were estimated by new stereological probes. We found that both stimulators induced increases in nuclear volume, cell volume, and the volume fractions and volumes of premelanosomes (VVpm,cell’Vpm) and mature melanosomes (VVmm,cell’Vmm) and the number of mature melanosomes (Nmm). Both stimulators also caused declines in the volume of individual mature melanosomes (Vimm) the melanin content per mature melanosome unit volume and the melanin content per individual mature melanosome. The increases in the volume of individual premelanosomes and the number of premelanosomes were only induced by cAME The effect cAMP on some parameters occurred 24 hours prior to α-MSH and was more marked. The response of premelanosomes to the stimulators was more sensitive than mature melanosomes. These results suggest that both stimulators enchanced melanogenesis by increasing the VVpm,cell’VVmm,cell’Vpm, Vmm and Nmm. The melanogenic level did not depend on the Vimm and melanin concentration in melanosomes. The maturation of premelanosomes was involved in melanogenesis induced by both stimulators, but, de novo synthesis and enlargement of premelanosomes were only stimulated by cAME It imply that exogenous cAMP may affect melanosomes, and hence melanogenesis in quantitatively or qualitatively different ways to α-MSH. 相似文献
92.
MARGRIET van ASCH PETER H. van TIENDEREN † LEONARD J. M. HOLLEMAN MARCEL E. VISSER 《Global Change Biology》2007,13(8):1596-1604
Climate change has led to an advance in phenology in many species. Synchrony in phenology between different species within a food chain may be disrupted if an increase in temperature affects the phenology of the different species differently, as is the case in the winter moth egg hatch–oak bud burst system. Operophtera brumata (winter moth) egg hatch date has advanced more than Quercus robur (pedunculate oak) bud burst date over the past two decades. Disrupted synchrony will lead to selection, and a response in phenology to this selection may lead to species genetically adapting to their changing environment. However, a prerequisite for such genetic change is that there is sufficient genetic variation and severe enough fitness consequences. So far, examples of observed genetic change have been few. Using a half-sib design, we demonstrate here that O. brumata egg-hatching reaction norm is heritable, and that genetic variation exists. Fitness consequences of even a few days difference between egg hatch and tree bud opening are severe, as we experimentally determined. Estimates of genetic variation and of fitness were then combined with a climate scenario to predict the rate and the amount of change in the eggs' response to temperature. We predict a rapid response to selection, leading to a restoration of synchrony of egg hatch with Q. robur bud opening. This study shows that in this case there is a clear potential to adapt – rapidly – to environmental change. The current observed asynchrony is therefore not due to a lack of genetic variation and at present it is unclear what is constraining O. brumata to adapt. This kind of model may be particularly useful in gaining insight in the predicted amount and rate of change due to environmental changes, given a certain genetic variation and selection pressure. 相似文献
93.
1. Periphyton chlorophyll a was measured at weekly or 2 weekly intervals from October 1992 to March 1994 at four sites in a Swiss prealpine gravel bed river that was frequently disturbed by unpredictable spates.
2. To evaluate the dominant processes that control periphyton biomass, measured data were compared with a set of simulations from an empirical dynamic periphyton model. Different combinations of process hypotheses were systematically activated and deactivated in order to assess their importance.
3. The simplest model leading to an acceptable agreement with measured data employs a biomass-dependent growth rate, a detachment rate directly proportional to discharge and biomass, and a catastrophic loss rate during bed moving spates. Terms describing light or temperature dependence had a minor effect on the model fit.
4. The model describes the temporal pattern of the periphyton biomass as a series of growth curves periodically truncated by spates. Within the uncertainties of the measurements, mainly caused by the spatial heterogeneity of periphyton, the biomass recovered along deterministic trajectories.
5. Sensitivity analyses with respect to model parameters and model structure showed that site-specific model parameters could not be unequivocally determined, and that the model yields similar results with slightly different formulations of processes. This indicates that the data base with respect to periphyton biomass was too small for a unique identification of model details but that the main conclusions on the significance of processes did not depend on arbitrary choices of the model formulation. 相似文献
2. To evaluate the dominant processes that control periphyton biomass, measured data were compared with a set of simulations from an empirical dynamic periphyton model. Different combinations of process hypotheses were systematically activated and deactivated in order to assess their importance.
3. The simplest model leading to an acceptable agreement with measured data employs a biomass-dependent growth rate, a detachment rate directly proportional to discharge and biomass, and a catastrophic loss rate during bed moving spates. Terms describing light or temperature dependence had a minor effect on the model fit.
4. The model describes the temporal pattern of the periphyton biomass as a series of growth curves periodically truncated by spates. Within the uncertainties of the measurements, mainly caused by the spatial heterogeneity of periphyton, the biomass recovered along deterministic trajectories.
5. Sensitivity analyses with respect to model parameters and model structure showed that site-specific model parameters could not be unequivocally determined, and that the model yields similar results with slightly different formulations of processes. This indicates that the data base with respect to periphyton biomass was too small for a unique identification of model details but that the main conclusions on the significance of processes did not depend on arbitrary choices of the model formulation. 相似文献
94.
95.
Although most natural populations are genetically subdivided, they are often analysed as if they were panmictic units. In particular, signals of past demographic size changes are often inferred from genetic data by assuming that the analysed sample is drawn from a population without any internal subdivision. However, it has been shown that a bottleneck signal can result from the presence of some recent immigrants in a population. It thus appears important to contrast these two alternative scenarios in a model choice procedure to prevent wrong conclusions to be made. We use here an Approximate Bayesian Computation (ABC) approach to infer whether observed patterns of genetic diversity in a given sample are more compatible with it being drawn from a panmictic population having gone through some size change, or from one or several demes belonging to a recent finite island model. Simulations show that we can correctly identify samples drawn from a subdivided population in up to 95% of the cases for a wide range of parameters. We apply our model choice procedure to the case of the chimpanzee (Pan troglodytes) and find conclusive evidence that Western and Eastern chimpanzee samples are drawn from a spatially subdivided population. 相似文献
96.
CYRIL BONTEMPS GEOFFREY N. ELLIOTT† MARCELO F. SIMON‡ FÁBIO B. DOS REIS JÚNIOR § EDUARDO GROSS¶ REBECCA C. LAWTON NICOLAU ELIAS NETO MARIA de FÁTIMA LOUREIRO SERGIO M. DE FARIA†† JANET I. SPRENT‡‡ EUAN K. JAMES§§ J. PETER W. YOUNG 《Molecular ecology》2010,19(1):44-52
Burkholderia has only recently been recognized as a potential nitrogen-fixing symbiont of legumes, but we find that the origins of symbiosis in Burkholderia are much deeper than previously suspected. We sampled 143 symbionts from 47 native species of Mimosa across 1800 km in central Brazil and found that 98% were Burkholderia . Gene sequences defined seven distinct and divergent species complexes within the genus Burkholderia . The symbiosis-related genes formed deep Burkholderia -specific clades, each specific to a species complex, implying that these genes diverged over a long period within Burkholderia without substantial horizontal gene transfer between species complexes. 相似文献
97.
MICHAEL R. THORPE ALEXANDRA C. U. FURCH PETER E. H. MINCHIN JENS FÖLLER AART J. E. VAN BEL JENS B. HAFKE 《Plant, cell & environment》2010,33(2):259-271
Phloem transport stops transiently within dicot stems that are cooled rapidly, but the cause remains unknown. Now it is known that (1) rapid cooling depolarizes cell membranes giving a transient increase in cytoplasmic Ca2+, and (2) a rise of free calcium triggers dispersion of forisomes, which then occlude sieve elements (SEs) of fabacean plants. Therefore, we compared the effects of rapid chilling on SE electrophysiology, phloem transport and forisomes in Vicia faba. Forisomes dispersed after rapid cooling with a delay that was longer for slower cooling rates. Phloem transport stopped about 20 s after forisome dispersion, and then transport resumed and forisomes re‐condensed within similar time frames. Transport interruption and forisome dispersion showed parallel behaviour – a cooling rate‐dependent response, transience and desensitization. Chilling induced both a fast and a slow depolarization of SE membranes, the electrical signature suggesting strongly that the cause of forisome dispersion was the transient promotion of SE free calcium. This apparent block of SEs by dispersed forisomes may be assisted by other Ca2+‐dependent sealing proteins that are present in all dicots. 相似文献
98.
MAHMOOD HASSAN KLAUS OLDACH UTE BAUMANN PETER LANGRIDGE TIM SUTTON 《Plant, cell & environment》2010,33(2):188-198
Boron tolerance is a quantitative trait controlled by multiple genes. Suppression subtractive hybridization was carried out on root cDNA from bulked boron tolerant and intolerant doubled haploid barley lines grown under moderate boron stress to identify genes associated with boron tolerance. One hundred and eleven clones representing known proteins were found to be up‐regulated in the tolerant bulk upon boron stress. Nine clones were genetically mapped to previously reported boron tolerance QTL. These include a clone identical to the boron transporter gene Bot1 and a clone coding for a bromo‐adjacent homology domain‐containing protein, mapping to the 6H boron tolerance locus and co‐segregating with reduced boron intake in a Clipper × Sahara‐3771 mapping population. A third clone mapping to the 2H QTL region encoding an S‐adenosylmethionine decarboxylase precursor was found to provide tolerance to high boron by heterologous expression. Yeast cells expressing Sahara SAMDC were able to grow on 15 mm boron solid media and maintained cellular boron concentrations at 13% lower than control cells expressing empty vector. The data suggest that an antioxidative response mechanism involving polyamines and the ascorbate–glutathione pathway in Sahara barley may provide an advantage in tolerating high soil concentrations of boron. 相似文献
99.
Comparative analysis of the grain proteome fraction in barley genotypes with contrasting salinity tolerance during germination 总被引:1,自引:0,他引:1
100.
Mentalizing is the process by which we make sense of each other and ourselves,
implicitly and explicitly, in terms of subjective states and mental processes.
It is a profoundly social construct in the sense that we are attentive to
the mental states of those we are with, physically or psychologically. Given
the generality of this definition, most mental disorders will inevitably involve
some difficulties with mentalization, but it is the application of the concept
to the treatment of borderline personality disorder (BPD), a common psychiatric
condition with important implications for public health, that has received
the most attention. Patients with BPD show reduced capacities to mentalize,
which leads to problems with emotional regulation and difficulties in managing
impulsivity, especially in the context of interpersonal interactions. Mentalization
based treatment (MBT) is a time-limited treatment which structures interventions
that promote the further development of mentalizing. It has been tested in
research trials and found to be an effective treatment for BPD when delivered
by mental health professionals given limited additional training and with
moderate levels of supervision. This supports the general utility of MBT in
the treatment of BPD within generic mental health services.Borderline personality disorder (BPD) is a complex and serious mental disorder
characterized by a pervasive pattern of difficulties with emotion regulation
and impulse control, and instability both in relationships and in selfimage 1. It represents a serious public health problem,
because it is associated with suicide attempts and self harm, both of which
are consistent targets of mental health services. Recurrent suicidal behaviour
is reported in 69-80% of patients with BPD, and suicide rates are estimated
to be up to 10% 2. BPD is a common condition that is thought to occur globally with a prevalence
of 0.2-1.8% in the general population 3.
Higher prevalence rates are found in clinical populations. Moran et al 4 found a prevalence rate of 4-6% among primary
care attenders, suggesting that people with BPD are more likely to visit their
general practitioner. Chanen et al 5 reported
a prevalence rate of 11% in adolescent outpatients and 49% in adolescent inpatients.
The highest prevalence has been found in people requiring the most intensive
level of care, with a rate of 60-80% among patients in forensic services 6-7. The high prevalence and increased suicide rate in patients with BPD make
an unassailable argument that effective treatment needs to be developed and
that treatment has to be widely available. Whilst a number of treatments for
BPD have been shown to be moderately effective in randomized controlled trials,
it remains of considerable concern that most of them require extensive training,
making them unavailable to most patients. Mentalization based treatment (MBT)
was developed with this in mind. It requires relatively little additional
training on top of general mental health training, and has been implemented
in research studies by community mental health professionals, primarily nurses,
with limited training given modest levels of supervision. 相似文献