Role of proline and glycinebetaine pretreatments in improving heat tolerance of sprouting sugarcane (<Emphasis Type="Italic">Saccharum</Emphasis> sp.) buds

High temperature strongly hampers the plant growth particularly at early growth stages. In this study, changes in some physiological and anatomical characteristics and possibility of mitigating the adversities of heat stress by soaking sugarcane nodal buds in 20 mM proline and glycinebetaine (GB) solutions have been explored. Heat stress reduced the rate of bud sprouting nonetheless soaking the setts in proline followed by GB was beneficial. In addition, heat stress reduced the bud fresh and dry weights, generated H₂O₂, reduced the tissue levels of K⁺ and Ca²⁺, while increased the osmolytes synthesis in a time course manner. Heat stress also delayed the emergence and expansion of new bud leaves, by restricting the number and area of mesophyll cells. It also caused poor and aberrant development and diffused appearance of mesophyll cells and vascular bundles in the bud leaves. However, soaking of buds in proline and GB solutions substantially reduced the H₂O₂ production, improved the accumulation of soluble sugars and protected the developing tissues from heat stress effects; although proline was more effective than GB. Correlations of various attributes indicated that soaking in GB and proline restricted the H₂O₂ generation, improved K⁺ and Ca²⁺ contents, and increased the concentrations of free proline, GB and soluble sugars eventually improving the heat tolerance of buds. Cost-benefit analysis showed that, considering increase in sprouting of buds, soaking in 20 mM solution of both osmoprotectants is economical.     

Genetic analysis of emerald ash borer (<Emphasis Type="Italic">Agrilus planipennis</Emphasis> Fairmaire) populations in Asia and North America

Emerald ash borer (EAB), Agrilus planipennis Fairmaire (Coleoptera: Buprestidae), is an invasive pest of North American ash (Fraxinus spp.) trees first discovered outside of its native range of northeastern Asia in 2002. EAB spread from its initial zone of discovery in the Detroit, Michigan and Windsor, Ontario metropolitan areas, in large part, from inadvertent human-assisted movement of infested ash materials. EAB infestations are now known in 15 US states and two Canadian provinces. The primary goal of this study was to use molecular markers to characterize the population genetic structure of EAB in its native and introduced range. This information may provide valuable insights on the geographic origin, potential host range, invasion potential, and additional biological control agents for ongoing management efforts of this destructive wood-boring beetle. EAB were collected from 17 localities in its native Asian range and from 7 localities in North America, and population structure analyzed using mtDNA gene sequences, AFLP fingerprints, and alleles at 2 microsatellite loci. Analysis of mtDNA cytochrome oxidase subunit I gene (COI; 439 bp) sequences revealed all North American individuals carry a common mtDNA haplotype also found in China and South Korea. Additional mtDNA haplotypes observed in China and South Korea differed from the common haplotype by 1–2 nucleotide substitutions and a single individual from Japan differed by 21 nucleotide changes (4.8%). Analysis using AFLP fingerprints (108 loci) indicated Asian populations were more highly variable, yet had less overall population structure, than the North American populations. North American populations appear most closely related to populations in our sample from the Chinese provinces of Hebei and Tianjin City. Further, population assignment tests assigned 88% of the individual beetles from North America to either Hebei or Tianjin City.     

Cardiovascular co-morbidity in patients with rheumatic diseases

During recent years atherosclerosis, the major cause of cardiovascular disease (CVD), has been recognised as a chronic inflammatory condition in which rupture of atherosclerotic lesions appears to play a major role. The risk of CVD is raised in many rheumatic diseases. This risk is high in systemic lupus erythematosus - as much as a 50-times increase among middle-aged women has been reported. Studies on CVD and atherosclerosis in rheumatic disease could thus provide interesting information about CVD and atherosclerosis in addition to being an important clinical problem. A combination of traditional and nontraditional risk factors accounts for the increased risk of CVD and atherosclerosis in rheumatic disease. One interesting possibility is that atherosclerotic lesions in rheumatic disease are more prone to rupture than normal atherosclerotic lesions. It is also likely that increased risk of thrombosis may play an important role, not least in systemic lupus erythematosus. Further, it is not clear whether an increased risk of CVD is a general feature of rheumatic disease, or whether this only occurs among subgroups of patients. It should be emphasised that there is an apparent lack of treatment studies where CVD in rheumatic disease is the end point. Control of disease activity and of traditional risk factors, however, appears to be well founded in relation to CVD in rheumatic disease. Further studies are needed to determine the exact role of lipid-lowering drugs as statins. Hopefully novel therapies can be developed that target the causes of the inflammation in atherosclerotic lesions both in rheumatic patients and in the general population.     

Intermediate filament genes as differentiation markers in the leech <Emphasis Type="Italic">Helobdella</Emphasis>

The intermediate filament (IF) cytoskeleton is a general feature of differentiated cells. Its molecular components, IF proteins, constitute a large family including the evolutionarily conserved nuclear lamins and the more diverse collection of cytoplasmic intermediate filament (CIF) proteins. In vertebrates, genes encoding CIFs exhibit cell/tissue type-specific expression profiles and are thus useful as differentiation markers. The expression of invertebrate CIFs, however, is not well documented. Here, we report a whole-genome survey of IF genes and their developmental expression patterns in the leech Helobdella, a lophotrochozoan model for developmental biology research. We found that, as in vertebrates, each of the leech CIF genes is expressed in a specific set of cell/tissue types. This allows us to detect earliest points of differentiation for multiple cell types in leech development and to use CIFs as molecular markers for studying cell fate specification in leech embryos. In addition, to determine the feasibility of using CIFs as universal metazoan differentiation markers, we examined phylogenetic relationships of IF genes from various species. Our results suggest that CIFs, and thus their cell/tissue-specific expression patterns, have expanded several times independently during metazoan evolution. Moreover, comparing the expression patterns of CIF orthologs between two leech species suggests that rapid evolutionary changes in the cell or tissue specificity of CIFs have occurred among leeches. Hence, CIFs are not suitable for identifying cell or tissue homology except among very closely related species, but they are nevertheless useful species-specific differentiation markers.     

Structure,composition and mechanical properties of the silk fibres of the egg case of the Joro spider, <Emphasis Type="Italic">Nephila clavata</Emphasis> (Araneae,Nephilidae)

The silk egg case and orb web of spiders are elaborate structures that are assembled from a number of components. We analysed the structure, the amino acid and fibre compositions, and the tensile properties of the silk fibres of the egg case of Nephila clavata. SEM shows that the outer and inner covers of the egg case consist of thick, medium and thin silk fibres. The silk fibres of the outer cover of the egg case are probably produced by the major and minor ampullate glands. The silk fibres of the inner cover of the egg case from cylindrical glands appears to be distinct from the silk fibres of the major ampullate glands based on their micro-morphology, mole percent amino acid composition and types, and tensile behaviour and properties. Collectively, our investigations show that N. clavata uses silk fibres from relatively few glands in varying combinations to achieve different physical and chemical properties (e.g., color, diameter, morphology and amino acid composition) and functional and mechanical properties in the different layers of the egg case.     

Comparative analysis of the informativeness of ISSR markers for estimating genetic diversity of horse breeds

The informativeness of six different types of ISSR markers was compared in order to evaluate genetic diversity of Mongolian, Buryat and Tuvinian horse breeds (Equus caballus). The dinucleotide-based ISSR primers ((GA)₉C, (AG)₉C, and (CA)₉G) proved to be of little use to examine genetic polymorphism among horses due to the low number of amplified and polymorphic fragments. The polymorphism information content (PIC) for the dinucleotide-based ISSR primers was 2.88 times lower than that for trinucleotide-based ISSR markers. Among the trinucleotide-based ISSR markers, CAC ISSR marker was also found to be noninformative, due to the low number of polymorphic loci identified. The highest values of the polymorphism information content (PIC) were obtained for two types of ISSR markers, based on (GAG)₆C (PIC, 3.61) and on (ACC)₆G (PIC, 2.50). Thus, the results of the present study showed that GAG and ACC ISSR markers were most informative for evaluation of genetic diversity among horses.     

Surface Water Linkages Regulate Trophic Interactions in a Groundwater Food Web

Groundwaters are increasingly viewed as resource-limited ecosystems in which fluxes of dissolved organic carbon (DOC) from surface water are efficiently mineralized by a consortium of microorganisms which are grazed by invertebrates. We tested for the effect of groundwater recharge on resource supply and trophic interactions by measuring physico-chemistry, microbial activity and biomass, structure of bacterial communities and invertebrate density at three sites intensively recharged with surface water. Comparison of measurements made in recharge and control well clusters at each site showed that groundwater recharge significantly increased fluxes of DOC and phosphate, elevated groundwater temperature, and diminished dissolved oxygen (DO). Microbial biomass and activity were significantly higher in recharge well clusters but stimulation of autochthonous microorganisms was not associated with a major shift in bacterial community structure. Invertebrate assemblages were not significantly more abundant in recharge well clusters and did not show any relationship with microbial biomass and activity. Microbial communities were bottom-up regulated by DOC and nutrient fluxes but trophic interactions between microorganisms and invertebrates were apparently limited by environmental stresses, particularly DO depletion and groundwater warming. Hydrological connectivity is a key factor regulating the function of DOC-based groundwater food webs as it influences both resource availability for microorganisms and environmental stresses which affect energy transfer to invertebrates and top-down control on microorganisms.     

Intergenerational effect of juvenile hormone on offspring in <Emphasis Type="Italic">Pogonomyrmex</Emphasis> harvester ants

Parents can influence the phenotypes of their offspring via a number of mechanisms. In harvester ants, whether female progeny develop into workers or daughter queens is strongly influenced by the age and temperature conditions experienced by their mother, which is associated with variation in maternal ecdysteroid deposition in fertilized eggs. In many insects, juvenile hormone (JH) is antagonistic to ecdysteroid release, suggesting that seasonal and age-based variation in maternal JH titers may explain maternal effects on offspring size and reproductive caste. To test this hypothesis, we artificially increased maternal JH titers with methoprene, a JH analog, in laboratory colonies of two Pogonomyrmex populations exhibiting genetic caste determination. Increasing maternal JH resulted in a 50% increase in worker body size, as well as a sharp reduction in total number of progeny reared, but did not alter the genotype of progeny reared to adulthood. The intergenerational effect of JH manipulation was not mediated by a reduction in ecdysteroid deposition into eggs; instead, changes in egg size, trophic egg availability or brood/worker ratio may have altered the nutritional environment of developing larvae. Egg ecdysteroid content was significantly negatively correlated with natural variation in worker body size, however, suggesting that there are multiple independent routes by which queens can modify offspring phenotypes.     

Defoliation depletes the carbohydrate reserves of resprouting <Emphasis Type="Italic">Acacia</Emphasis> saplings in an African savanna

Over the past century there has been a global trend towards tree expansion and densification in rangelands and savannas. This phenomenon is commonly referred to as bush encroachment. In South Africa Acacia karroo is one of the key species responsible for bush encroachment. It has been suggested that the combination of fire and browsing might limit bush encroachment by A. karroo more effectively than either browsing or fire alone. We hypothesized that these repeated disturbances progressively deplete root carbohydrates and compromise resprouting ability. This was tested by burning and then manually defoliating A. karroo once a month for 1 year. Manual defoliation did not inhibit the rapid shoot elongation after topkill of A. karroo saplings. During this initial phase, the growth of the new shoots of A. karroo was dependent more on mobilised root reserves than on photoassimilates from the new shoots. Frequent manual defoliation of resprouting A. karroo saplings prevented the replenishment of starch reserves. We suggest a mechanism for how the interaction of browsing and fire can suppress and perhaps reverse bush encroachment in African savannas. Saplings that have reduced starch reserves at the end of dry season due to browsing will struggle to resprout if they are burnt. Even if they do not die, they will be less able to escape fire damage in the next fire than if they had been able to resprout unimpeded.     

Summer zooplankton in small rivers in relation to selected conditions

The abundance and the biodiversity of summer zooplankton in the waters of the Drawa drainage (NW Poland) were studied, as was their relation to selected environmental conditions. The conditions upstream, especially in the outlets of lakes, did not affect the zooplankton communities downstream. This was also true of tributaries which had no influence on the shape of the zooplankton communities in the main river. The number of zooplankton in the outlets of eutrophic lakes was greater than in those of mesotrophic lakes. Increased vegetation cover significantly affected mainly the crustacean communities of zooplankton. Larger amounts of zooplankton were observed in rivers where the riparian zone was not covered with vegetation, but this difference was not significant. The hydrological conditions of the rivers and the Secchi depth visibility strongly impacted the composition of the zooplankton. The influence of abiotic factors was most pronounced on the abundance of cladocerans, and least pronounced on the abundance of rotifers.