Dumbbell-shaped gogiid clusters: the oldest evidence of secondary tiering for stalked echinoderms

Among 381 specimens of Cambrian stalked echinoderms from eastern Guizhou, China examined, several slabs ( n  = 19) contain either dumbbell-shaped or v-shaped echinoderm clusters. Four slabs of Globoeocrinus globules Zhao, Parsley & Peng, 2008 from the middle-upper part (Cambrian Series 3 portion) of the Kaili Formation are prepared to reveal the attachment sites. Articulated gogiid echinoderms are reported to be attached to both sides of inarticulate (organophosphatic) brachiopods; thus, allowing me to interpret that the larvae of these gogiids were capable of attaching to live benthic brachiopods. This study documents the one of the earliest examples of echinoderms employing secondary tiering, which elevates an organism higher into the benthic boundary layer. Many of the gogiid echinoderm pairs attached to a live brachiopod are similar in size, indicating they were from a single larval spatfall.     

蝾螈神经胚时期各种中胚层构造的决定和分化以及它们的发育机制

甲、绪论通过原肠建成的运动,中胚层由原肠期的表面的位置移进胚胎的内部,到神经胚时期移进的部分和外胚层与内胚层分开,介于它们之间,在这里进行进一步的分化,将来分化为肌节、前肾、侧板、血细胞、肢体、心脏等构造,在这些器官里,某些器官的分化和发育,甚至它们轴的决定,都已经被详细研究过,但是相反的它们的决定情况,它们发生决定的原因,什么因素使得中胚层沿着背腹轴的不同高度水平分化为各种不同的器官,它们之间相互的关系如何,在一段比较长的期间内却没有受到应有的注意。被忽略的