Metabolic pathways involved in the oxidation of isopropanol into acetone by the intact rat

Isopropanol administered in a large (6 g/kg, orally) as well as in a lower dose (1 g/kg, I.P.) is slowly oxidized into acetone by the intact rat. Using two inhibitors, 3 amino-1,2,4-triazole and pyrazole, investigations on the hepatic enzymatic system involved in the oxidation of isopropanol show that catalase does not play an important part in this pathway, contrary to alcohol dehydrogenase which is the major enzyme responsible for this oxidation. Although isopropanol oxidation is mainly catalysed in the liver through alcohol dehydrogenase, no alteration of the hepatic extramitochondrial redox state occurs after the administration of a large as well as of a lower dose of isopropanol. From these experiments it may be concluded that alterations of the liver NAD⁺/NADH ratio, which seem to play an important part in the ethanol induced fatty liver, are not involved in the isopropanol induced one.     

Untersuchungen zur Pollenentwicklung und Pollenschlauchbildung bei höheren Pflanzen

Zusammenfassung In reifen Pollenkörnern der beiden Sommergerstensorten Amsel und Wisa sowie der F₁-Pflanzen, die aus den Sorten-Kreuzungen Impala X Wisa und Union X Wisa hervorgegangen sind, wurde die DNS-Menge der Kerne cytophotometrisch bestimmt. Die Messungen wurden zugleich bei Spermakernen und vegetativen Kernen eines Pollenkorns vorgenommen. Außerdem wurde der DNS-Gehalt von Kernen von Wurzelspitzen-Zellen der Sorten Amsel und Wisa ermittelt.Amsel und Wisa unterscheiden sich signifikant im DNS-Gehalt der Kerne von Wurzelspitzen-Zellen.Die Befunde der Messungen des DNS-Gehalts von vegetativen und Sperma-Kernen bei vier Gerstenformen zeigen, daß zum Zeitpunkt der Anthese die DNS-Replikationsphase bei vegetativen und Sperma-Kernen noch nicht abgeschlossen ist. Der DNS-Gehalt vegetativer Kerne von Wisa ist signifikant niedriger als die entsprechenden Werte der übrigen drei Gerstenformen. Der Verlauf der DNS-Replikation erfolgt bei beiden Spermakernen synchron. Hingegen verläuft die DNS-Replikation bei vegetativen und Sperma-Kernen mit großer Wahrscheinlichkeit nicht gleichsinnig.Im Diskussionsteil wird erstens erläutert, daß bei allen bisher analysierten Pflanzenarten des zwei- oder dreikernigen Pollenkorn-Typs zum Zeitpunkt der Pollenreife die DNS-Replikation der generativen bzw. Sperma-Kerne eingesetzt hat, aber je nach Pflanzenart noch nicht beendet sein muß. Zum gleichen Zeitpunkt der Pollenkornentwicklung kann der vegetative Kern in Abhängigkeit von der Pflanzenart auf dem C-Niveau verharren, eine teilweise oder bereits abgeschlossene DNS-Replikation erfahren haben oder schon teilweise oder ganz degeneriert sein, ohne zuvor eine DNS-Replikation vollzogen zu haben. Zweitens wird in diesem Abschnitt diskutiert, daß mit großer Wahrscheinlichkeit im Ablauf der DNS-Replikation zwischen zwei- und dreikernigen Pollenkorn-Typen keine Unterschiede bestehen. Drittens wird die Hypothese vertreten, daß nur auf einem sehr frühen Stadium die normale Pollenkornentwicklung einschließlich des Ablaufs der DNS-Replikation insbesondere des vegetativen Kerns so abgewandelt werden kann, daß aus Pollenkörnern haploide Pflanzen erzeugt werden können.

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The development of pollen grains and formation of pollen tubes in higher plantsIII. DNA-replication of vegetative and sperm nuclei in mature pollen grains of barley

Summary The DNA-content of vegetative and sperm nuclei in mature pollen grains of the barley varieties Amsel and Wisa and the F₁-plants of crossings of the barley varieties Impala X Wisa and Union X Wisa was determined by cytophotometry. In addition, the DNA-content of nuclei of root tips of Amsel and Wisa was cytophotometrically measured.The DNA contents of the nuclei in root tips of Amsel and Wisa differed significantly.The data obtained from the measurements of the vegetative and sperm nuclei of the four types of barley show that DNA-replication continues in the nuclei of mature pollen grains. The DNA values of vegetative nuclei of Wisa are significantly lower than the values of Amsel and of the F₁ plants. The DNA values of the different nuclei indicate that DNA replication of both types of sperm nuclei is synchronous, whereas it probably is not synchronous in vegetative and sperm nuclei respectively.In the discussion it is pointed out that a survey of the literature shows that in all of the plant species having binucleate or trinucleate pollen DNA replication of generative and of sperm nuclei has started at the time of pollen grain maturation. Depending on the plant species, replication may or may not be completed in the mature pollen grain. At a given stage of development of the pollen grain the vegetative nucleus may be arrested at the C-stage, may have partially or completely finished its DNA replication or may be partially or completely degenerated without prior replication of DNA.In the second part of the discussion it is stated that the course of DNA replication is likely to be similar in binucleate and trinucleate pollen grains. Thirdly, the hypothesis is discussed that in order to get haploid plants from pollen grains, changes in the normal development of the pollen grain and in the pattern of DNA replication must occur at a very early stage of pollen grain development.

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Mit Unterstützung durch die Deutsche Forschungsgemeinschaft.

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Angenommen durch F. Mechelke

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Mein Dank grit Herrn Prof. Dr. F. Mechelke fiir die Anregung zu diesen Untersuchungen sowie fiir die Unterstfitzung und die kritischen Diskussionen w/ihrend ihres Verlaufs und Fr/iulein H. Nagel fiir zuverl/issige technische Hilfe.     

Frequency of cytokine-producing CD4-CD8- peripheral blood mononuclear cells in patients with Plasmodium falciparum malaria.

The frequency of cytokine-producing CD4-/CD8- mononuclear cells was assessed in patients of different age groups (29 infants, aged 1-5 years; 30 schoolchildren, aged 6-14 years, 26 adults, aged > 15 years) with acute Plasmodium falciparum malaria, from Gabon. Fifteen patients were followed up before antimalarial treatment (day 0), during parasite clearance (day 3) and after resolution of parasitemia (day 10). By using flow cytometry for intracellular detection of cytokines, a striking expansion of CD4-/CD8- cells producing the type 1 cytokines interleukin (IL)-2-/interferon (IFN)-gamma+, IL-2+/IFN-gamma+ and IL-2+/IFN-gamma- was observed in adults as compared with children. Type 2 cytokine expression (IL-4+/IFN-gamma-, IL-13+/IFN-gamma-) and type 0 cells (IL-4+/IFN-gamma+, IL-13+/IFN-gamma+) were not significantly different between the three age groups. Patients with severe malaria had a significantly increased frequency of type 2 cytokine-producing CD4-/CD8- cells. Drug-induced clearance of parasitemia was characterized by a decrease of IL-2+/IFN-gamma- and type 2 cytokine expressing CD4-/CD8- cells and by a gradual increase of IL-10+/IFN-gamma- expression. The type 1/type 2 dichotomy observed within the CD4-/CD8- cell population is likely to be of significance in the host response against P. falciparum malaria.     

Testing the accuracy of methods for reconstructing ancestral states of continuous characters.

Many methods are available for estimating ancestral values of continuous characteristics, but little is known about how well these methods perform. Here we compare six methods: linear parsimony, squared-change parsimony, one-parameter maximum likelihood (Brownian motion), two-parameter maximum likelihood (Ornstein-Uhlenbeck process), and independent comparisons with and without branch-length information. We apply these methods to data from 20 morphospecies of Pleistocene planktic Foraminifera in order to estimate ancestral size and shape variables, and compare these estimates with measurements on fossils close to the phylogenetic position of 13 ancestors. No method produced accurate estimates for any variable: estimates were consistently less good as predictors of the observed values than were the averages of the observed values. The two-parameter maximum-likelihood model consistently produces the most accurate size estimates overall. Estimation of ancestral sizes is confounded by an evolutionary trend towards increasing size. Shape showed no trend but was still estimated very poorly: we consider possible reasons. We discuss the implications of our results for the use of estimates of ancestral characteristics.