An unusual receptor in the octopus

The epithelium of the rim of the octopus sucker is the site of several different types of primary receptors. One is a non-ciliated cell with unusual characteristics. (1) The surface of the cell is extremely irregular with finger-like extensions of cytoplasm, especially far reaching in the basal region. (2) The slender neck contains a canal whose apical opening is in contact with the environment. This canal is lined with microvilli and contains granular material in an electron-dense matrix. (3) Patches of presumed glycogen granules occur throughout the cell, being especially abundant in the outer reaches of the cytoplasmic extensions. Their presence, together with numerous mitochondria and free ribosomes, indicate a high intrinsic metabolism. (4) Small fascicles of microtubules are randomly situated throughout the perikaryon. They gather into a coherent system of larger and larger bundles which ultimately enter the axon leading from the cell. This axon extends some distance in the basal region of the epithelium before crossing the subepithelial space to enter the infundibular muscle. Possible functions of this cell are discussed. On the basis of its specific position on the sucker and its intrinsic morphology we suggest that it is a mechanoreceptor involved in shape and/or negative pressure discrimination.     

A spectroscopic examination on intermolecular interaction of ergosterol with lecithin

The ergosterol and lecithin absorption IR-spectra were studied in a nonpolar anhydrous medium. The thermodynamical and spectral characteristics of dimeric associates and the enthalpy value for trimeric associates of this sterol are determined. Thermodynamical and spectral parameters of ergosterol intermolecular associates with lecithin in a nonpolar anhydrous medium are found. It is established that the intermolecular interaction of lecithin with ergosterol occurs according to the mechanism of hydrogen bond. A conclusion is drawn that the presence of binary bonds and methyl groups in the cyclic and aliphatic parts of the sterol molecule affects greatly the structure of the model membrane and its strength. It is shown that under conditions of the experiment the oxygen of the phosphate group contributes to formation of the molecular associates of lecithin with sterols and not that of the carbonyl group. The obtained experimental data may be at use when studying structural disturbances of native membranes in norm and with different pathologies.     

Scrotal circumference measurements in 764 beef bulls.

A total of 764 breeding soundness examinations was conducted on beef bulls utilizing the method of examination and criteria for classifying bulls of the Society for Theriogenology. In addition to this examination each bull was subjected to scrotal circumference measurement and to weighing. Classification of the bulls according to breeding soundness potentials was as follows: 88% of the bulls were satisfactory potential breeders, 8% of the bulls were questionable potential breeders and 4% of the bulls were unsatisfactory potential breeders. The proportions of bulls in each classification; satisfactory, questionable, or unsatisfactory; were not different among the four breeds evaluated. The majority of bulls evaluated in this study were between 14 and 36 months of age and weighed between 900 and 1500 pounds. For the ages and weights evaluated, scrotal circumference measurement variances were not closely related to age and weight differences. There was a tendency shown for “Questionable” and “Unsatisfactory Potential Breeders” to have smaller scrotal circumference measurements. The study indicates that Angus, Charolais, Horned Hereford and Polled Hereford bulls of breeding ages and weights should have scrotal circumference measurements of at least 32 centimeters in order to be classified as “Satisfactory Potential Breeders”.     

T cell activation by coxsackievirus B4 antigens in type 1 diabetes mellitus: evidence for selective TCR Vbeta usage without superantigenic activity.

Numerous clinical and epidemiological studies link enteroviruses such as the Coxsackie virus group with the autoimmune disease type 1 diabetes mellitus (DM). In addition, there are reports that patients with type 1 DM are characterized by skewing of TCR Vbeta chain selection among peripheral blood and intraislet T lymphocytes. To examine these issues, we analyzed TCR Vbeta chain-specific up-regulation of the early T cell activation marker, CD69, on CD4 T cells after incubation with Coxsackievirus B4 (CVB4) Ags. CD4 T cells bearing the Vbeta chains 2, 7, and 8 were the most frequently activated by CVB4. Up-regulation of CD69 by different TCR families was significantly more frequent in new onset type 1 DM patients (p = 0.04), 100% of whom (n = 8) showed activation of CD4 T cells bearing Vbeta8, compared with 50% of control subjects (n = 8; p = 0.04). T cell proliferation after incubation with CVB4 Ags required live, nonfixed APCs, suggesting that the selective expansion of CD4 T cells with particular Vbeta chains resulted from conventional antigen processing and presentation rather than superantigen activity. Heteroduplex analysis of TCR Vbeta chain usage after CVB4 stimulation indicated a relatively polyclonal, rather than oligo- or monoclonal response to viral Ags. These results provide evidence that new-onset patients with type 1 DM and healthy controls are primed against CVB4, and that CD4 T cell responses to the virus have a selective TCR Vbeta chain usage which is driven by viral Ags rather than a superantigen.     

Utilization of mangrove wood products around mida creek (Kenya) amongst subsistence and commercial users

Mida Creek (Kenya) comprises mangrove forests and other marine resources that are of economic, ecological, and environmental importance to the local village communities. In total 116 households (100 of which could be used for numerical analysis), which are estimated to correspond to a coverage of ca. 30% of the total Mida Creek population, were interviewed to assess the human reliance on mangrove resources in Mida Creek. The survey indicates that mangroves are a major resource of wood for house construction, fuel wood, charcoal, and boat building. Minor uses of mangrove products include pharmaceutical and medicinal applications, tanning material, and furniture making. Rhizophora mucronata, Ceriops tagal, and Bruguiera gymnorrhiza are the major resources for house construction and fuel wood, while Sonneratia alba and Xylocarpus granatum were reported to be useful for boat building and medicinal uses respectively. The survey further describes harvesting activities and house construction, and reveals species preferences within this one particular use. As a result of depletion of the supply and the banning of mangrove harvesting, the local people are turning to other wood materials and to poaching. In our view, local utilization patterns rather than global usefulness data are required to establish a conservation policy of both mangroves and users’ subsistence requirements.