Pollen movement in the micropylar canal ofLarix and its simulation

InLarix pollen captured by the ovule and rested at the distal end of the micropylar canal is transferred upward to the nucellus before it develops a pollen tube. This upward movement occurs after the canal is filled with secreted fluid, despite the fact that the pollen sinks in the fluid. We examined the mechanism of the movement based on the morphology of the canal and its simulation using pipettes. When a water column moves upward in a waxed pipette, suspended particles also move upward carried by the meniscus. InL. x eurolepis the inner surface of the integument lining the micropylar canal is coated by a cuticle layer. This layer is further coated by an integumentary membrane before the fluid is secreted. This membrane, however, becomes distorted or disappears during fluid secretion. The exposed cuticle and the degenerated hydrophilic nucellar apex may facilitate the movement of the meniscus toward the nucellus as in the simulated pipette. Pollen is interpreted to move by being carried by the meniscus when the fluid recedes.     

The Plasma Membrane and Peripheral Cytoplasm of the Green Algal Flagellate, Gloeomonas kupfferi

A morphological analysis of the plasma membrane and peripheralendomembrane components of the unicellular chlamydomonad flagellate,Gloeomonas kupfferi, was performed. Conventional fixation, freezesubstitution, and rapid freeze-deep etch processing protocolsfor electron microscopic analyses revealed the following. Theplasma membrane is highlighted by distinct infoldings whichdo not appear to be sensitive to changes in osmotic or cellcycle conditions. These infoldings are irregularly-spaced androughly 200-225 nm apart. Each elliptical infolding is 400-440nm long and 90-115 nm wide. The exoplasmic face (EF) of eachinfolding is highlighted by an aggregation of 130-160 nm intramembranousparticles (imps) that are 9.1-10·5 nm in size. Theseinfoldings are associated with the peripheral endoplasmic reticulumnetwork and microtubular network internally and the inner walllayer externally. It is suggested that these infoldings maybe associated with cell wall maintenance.Copyright 1994, 1999Academic Press Gloeomonas, plasma membrane, infoldings, freeze fracture     

Macrophage colony stimulating factor (M-CSF) is essential for osteoclast formation in vitro

The op/op mouse, in which the M-CSF gene is mutated, has greatly reduced numbers of macrophages and osteoclasts. We assessed the ability of M-CSF to induce osteoclast and macrophage formation in op/op hemopoietic cells in vitro. Osteoclast production was undetectable in op/op cell cultures, but was restored by M-CSF at concentrations approximately an order of magnitude higher than those that induced macrophages. In normal hemopoietic tissue M-CSF similarly increased macrophage numbers, but inhibited osteoclast formation. Despite cure of the macrophage defect, neither interleukin 3 nor granulocyte-macrophage CSF were able to induce osteoclastic differentiation in op/op cells. The results suggest that M-CSF induces osteoclastic differentiation but that macrophages, which are also induced by M-CSF, suppress osteoclast differentiation. Macrophages induced by other cytokines seem unable to contribute to osteoclast-formation.     

In vitro pollen tube growth and penetration of female gametophyte in Douglas fir (Pseudotsuga menziesii)

 Pollen tube and female gametophyte interactions in Douglas fir (Pseudotsuga menziesii) were examined in vitro. Formation of pollen tubes in Douglas fir occurred on a modified Murashige and Skoog medium in which concentrations of H₃BO₃ and Ca(NO₃)₂ were altered and supplemented with sucrose and polyethylene glycol. Addition of 100 μg/ml H₃BO₃ and 300 μg/ml Ca(NO₃)₂ resulted in optimum pollen viability. Lack of H₃BO₃ inhibited pollen tube formation. Addition of H₃BO₃ and Ca(NO₃)₂ significantly increased pollen tube formation within one week in culture. Using a medium supplemented with mannitol, viability of Douglas fir pollen can be sustained for 7 weeks in culture, about the same length of time as in vivo. However, pollen tubes are not formed. This suggests that the factors responsible for tube formation reside in the external environment of the pollen. Culture of female gametophytes to examine egg viability and longevity had not been done previously. We found that egg viability in culture is short-lived, and therefore the window to study and manipulate events of fertilization in Douglas fir is very limited. In spite of this, about 7% of the female gametophytes that were co-cultured became penetrated by pollen tubes. In vitro archegonial penetration has been repeatedly achieved, but pollen tubes also penetrated other parts of the female gametophytes. Pollen tubes also penetrated non-viable eggs. Most female gametophytes were not penetrated because of pollen tube branching and swelling, failure of tubes to orient towards the female gametophytes, or premature pollen tube death due to plasmolysis. This report outlines the first attempt towards in vitro fertilization in conifers. Received: 13 March 1997 / Revision accepted: 6 June 1997     

Differential effect of platelet-derived growth factor- versus serum-induced growth on smooth muscle alpha-actin and nonmuscle beta-actin mRNA expression in cultured rat aortic smooth muscle cells

Previous studies have demonstrated that rat aortic smooth muscle cells (SMC) show marked changes in smooth muscle (SM) alpha-actin content and fractional synthesis as a function of cell density and growth (Owens, G. K., Loeb, A., Gordon, D., and Thompson, M. M. (1986) J. Cell Biol. 102, 343-352; Blank, R., Thompson, M. M., and Owens, G. K. (1988) J. Cell Biol. 107, 299-306). Results of this study show that, although there is a 6-fold increase in SM alpha-actin content in postconfluent density arrested cultures as compared to proliferating subconfluent cultures, SM alpha-actin mRNA levels are not different between these cells. This suggests that the SM alpha-actin gene is constitutively active under both of these conditions and that accumulation of SM alpha-actin in postconfluent cells is due to translational and/or post-translational controls. The relationship between growth and cytodifferentiation was further explored by examining the effects of platelet-derived growth factor (PDGF)- or serum-induced growth on actin expression in postconfluent, quiescent cultures maintained in a defined serum-free media. Although both factors have been shown to stimulate proliferation and decrease fractional SM alpha-actin synthesis (Blank et al., 1988), their effects on actin mRNA levels were quite different. PDGF was found to induce a dramatic drop in SM alpha-actin steady state mRNA level but had no effect on nonmuscle beta-actin mRNA level. In contrast, serum stimulation was shown to increase nonmuscle beta-actin mRNA level, whereas SM alpha-actin mRNA level remained constant. Taken together these results indicate that PDGF is a specific and potent repressor of SM alpha-actin expression in vascular SMC and implicate a possible developmental role for PDGF in control of SMC differentiation. In addition, the observation that the level of SM alpha-actin mRNA is unaltered in serum-stimulated cells indicates that an absolute decrease in SM alpha-actin mRNA is not obligatory for cell cycle entrance.     

Development of 2,2-dimethylchromanol cysteinyl LT1 receptor antagonists

A new series of cysLT₁ receptor antagonists represented by CP-288,886 (7) and CP-265,298 (8) were developed which are equipotent to clinical cysLT₁ receptor antagonists Zafirlukast (1) and Pranlukast (2).     

In reply to hertwich & pease, Int. J. LCA 3 (4) 180 — 181, “ISO 14042 restricts use and development of impact assessment”

Life Cycle Impact Assessment describes indicators and does not predict actual impacts. The value of an LCA is its comprehensive review of all stages of a product’s life cycle and its synoptic view of all relevant environmental issues. The current version of the 14042 draft describes the uniqueness of Life Cycle Impact Assessment approach which is distinct from other assessment techniques. The wording was designed to help users of the standard understand how and why LCIA is distinct from other assessment methods. In closing, we would like to highlight our opinion that the present document on the level of a DIS is sound, stable and practical within the ISO 14040 series of standards. We do not agree withHertwich & Pease that the present document prevents the use of LCIA. It makes a choice regarding the exclusion of weighting across categories in order to prevent misuse in deriving inappropriate claims. And for characterisation it has achieved a well founded synthesis. In addition, we strongly believe that this standard will stimulate the international scientific discussion of LCA and will substantially contribute to enhanced and more valuable applications of LCA in the future.     

A host list for Aleurodicus dispersus Russell (Hemiptera: Aleyrodidae) in Australia

A provisional host list for spiraling whitefly, Aleurodicus dispersus , in Australia is presented. A total of 104 plant species from 41 families is recorded from Torres Strait and Cape York Peninsula south to Weipa, Queensland. Just under half of these species are in the families Asteraceae, Euphorbiaceae, Fabaceae, Malvaceae and Solanaceae. Agricultural species most at risk in Australia from attack by A. dispersus are the solanaceous vegetable crops grown in the dry tropics.