Carbon Balance in an Alpine Steppe in the Qinghai-Tibet Plateau

Carbon fluxes were measured using a static chamber technique in an alpine steppe in the Qinghai-Tibet Plateau from July 2000 to July 200t. It was shown that carbon emissions decreased in autumn and increased in spring of the next year, with higher values in growth seasons than in winters. An exponential correlation (Ecarbon = 0.22(exp(0.09T) + In(0.31P + 1)), R2 = 0.77, P < 0.001) was shown between carbon emissions and environmental factors such as temperature (T) and precipitation (P). Using the daily temperature (T) and total precipitation (R), annual carbon emission from soil to the atmosphere was estimated to be 79.6 g C/m2, 46% of which was emitted by microbial respiration. Considering an average net primary production of 92.5 g C/m2 per year within the 2 year experiment, alpine steppes can take up 55.9 g CO2-C/m2 per year. This indicates that alpine steppes are a distinct carbon sink, although this carbon reservoir was quite small.     

High Open-Circuit Voltage (1.197 V) in Large-Area (1 cm2) Inverted Perovskite Solar Cell via Interface Planarization and Highly Polar Self-Assembled Monolayer

The efficiency loss caused by area scaling is one of the key factors hindering the industrial development of perovskite solar cells. The energy loss and contact issues in the buried interface are the main reasons. Here, a new self-assembled monolayer (SAM), Ph-4PACz, with a large dipole moment (2.32 D) is obtained . It is found that Ph-4PACz with high polarity can improve the band alignment and minimize the energy loss , resulting in an open-circuit voltage (V_oc) as high as 1.2 V for 1.55 eV perovskite. However, when applied to large-area devices, the fill factor (FF) still suffered from significant attenuation. Therefore, alumina nanoparticles (Al₂O₃-NPs) are introduced to the interface between Ph-4PACz and rough FTO substrate to further improve the flatness , resulting in a conformal perovskite film with almost no voids in the buried interface, thus promoting low exciton binding energy, fast hot-carrier extraction and low non-radiative recombination. The final devices achieved a small-area power conversion efficiency (PCE) of 25.60% and a large-area (1 cm²) PCE of 24.61% (certified at 24.48%), which represents one of the highest PCE for single device ≥ 1 cm² area. Additionally, mini-modules and stability testing are also carried out to demonstrate the feasibility of commercialization.     

Formulation and development of novel control release transdermal patches of carvedilol to improve bioavailability for the treatment of heart failure

The main aim of this study is to optimize and evaluate transdermal patch of Carvedilol by the use of different polymer and different permeation enhancers which help to release drug in controlled action and thereby increase the bioavailability of the drug. Main objective was to avoid first pass metabolism of Carvedilol. Transdermal patches were developed by solvent evaporation method. The combination of Eudragit RS-100 as rate controlling polymer and Span 80 as a permeation enhancer was found to be ideal formulation (Formulation F7) with maximum drug release i.e. 100.29 ± 0.44 % within 12 h. Formulation F7 showed maximum bioavailability and showed maximum drop of BP at 6 h. From this study the conclusion was, transdermal patch of Carvedilol which contains Eudragit RS-100 polymer and Span 80 as penetration enhancer produced sustained and continued drug release.     

论华夏孢粉植物群特征

根据我国已发表的晚古生代,尤其是石炭－二叠纪的孢粉资料,讨论了华夏植物群的孢粉特征及其渊源,认为至迟从中晚泥盆世开始,主要由于远洋地理隔离导至的植物分化,已与关系较密切的欧洲北美物群出相当的差异,出现了不少地方色彩成分,早石炭世这种差别所减弱,晚石炭世,特别是二叠纪,作为同属赤道或热带－亚热带植物群一部分的华夏植物群才与欧美植物群分异出来,显示出与欧美区的种种不同特征,初步总结了华夏孢粉植物群的组     

禄丰古猿(Lufengpithecus lufengensis)牙齿釉质生长线与个体发育问题研究

运用扫描电子显微镜,对4枚禄丰古猿牙齿（恒齿）的釉质结构进行了观察研究。发现：禄丰古猿牙齿釉质表面有明显的釉面横纹结构;釉面横纹的密度向牙颈方向逐渐增大;观察记数了4枚牙齿的釉面横纹数,进而推算出牙冠的形成时间和年龄。与化石人科成员、现代人及现生大猿比较,禄丰古猿牙冠发育模式及时间,与南方古猿纤细种比较接近或相似,明显长于南方古猿粗壮种,有别于现生大猿。     

牛β-酪蛋白5'端上游调控序列的克隆和序列分析

该文用ＰＣＲ扩增了牛β－酪蛋白基因５‘－端上游调控序列,并对其进行了克隆和序列分析。采集成年母牛肝,提取ＤＮＡ。在牛β－酪蛋白基因外显子１和上游调控区内设计引物,扩增其上游调控序列。两条引物长均为１９个核苷酶,引物间跨度为６３５ｂｐ。以牛肝ＤＮＡ为模板,进行ＰＣＲ扩增,扩增产物在２％琼脂糖凝胶上电泳,可见特异的目的条带。     

A Packaging Cell Line for Lentivirus Vectors

Lentivirus vectors can transduce dividing and nondividing cells. Using three-plasmid transient transfections, high-titer (>10⁹ IU/ml) recombinant lentivirus vectors pseudotyped with vesicular stomatitis virus G (VSV-G) protein can be generated (T. Kafri et al., Nat. Genet. 17:314–317, 1997; H. Miyoshi et al., Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 94:10319–10323, 1997; L. Naldini et al., Science 272:263–267, 1996). The recombinant lentiviruses can efficiently infect brain, liver, muscle, and retinal tissue in vivo. Furthermore, the transduced tissues demonstrated long-term expression of reporter genes in immunocompetent rodents. We now report the generation of a tetracycline-inducible VSV-G pseudotyped lentivirus packaging cell line which can generate virus particles at titers greater than 10⁶ IU/ml for at least 3 to 4 days. The vector produced by the inducible cell line can be concentrated to titers of 10⁹ IU/ml and can efficiently transduce nondividing cells in vitro and in vivo. The availability of a lentivirus packaging cell line will significantly facilitate the production of high-titer lentivirus vectors for gene therapy and study of human immunodeficiency virus biology.