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481.
482.
Pin Li Jeremy M.G. Taylor Spring Kong Shruti Jolly Matthew J. Schipper 《Biometrical journal. Biometrische Zeitschrift》2020,62(2):386-397
In many settings, including oncology, increasing the dose of treatment results in both increased efficacy and toxicity. With the increasing availability of validated biomarkers and prediction models, there is the potential for individualized dosing based on patient specific factors. We consider the setting where there is an existing dataset of patients treated with heterogenous doses and including binary efficacy and toxicity outcomes and patient factors such as clinical features and biomarkers. The goal is to analyze the data to estimate an optimal dose for each (future) patient based on their clinical features and biomarkers. We propose an optimal individualized dose finding rule by maximizing utility functions for individual patients while limiting the rate of toxicity. The utility is defined as a weighted combination of efficacy and toxicity probabilities. This approach maximizes overall efficacy at a prespecified constraint on overall toxicity. We model the binary efficacy and toxicity outcomes using logistic regression with dose, biomarkers and dose–biomarker interactions. To incorporate the large number of potential parameters, we use the LASSO method. We additionally constrain the dose effect to be non-negative for both efficacy and toxicity for all patients. Simulation studies show that the utility approach combined with any of the modeling methods can improve efficacy without increasing toxicity relative to fixed dosing. The proposed methods are illustrated using a dataset of patients with lung cancer treated with radiation therapy. 相似文献
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Allotypic markers on Fab fragments of mouse immunoglobulins 总被引:7,自引:0,他引:7
486.
A modified technique for leaf disk inoculation of sunflower with zoosporangia of the downy mildew pathogen Plasmopara halstedii was developed. Infection with low concentrations of inoculum was obtained down to the level of single sporangia. No significant difference in the infection rate was seen between disks from cotyledons and true leaves. This makes leaf disk inoculation particularly suitable for infections at low sporangium density and for the investigation on plant tissue which cannot be infected with whole seedling inoculation. The technique seems, however, to be inappropriate for pathotype characterization using differential host lines. 相似文献
487.
The rubredoxin content of Acinetobacter calcoaceticus in dependence on the carbon source (acetate, n-alkanes, succinate, L-malate) and on the growth phase was studied by means of a radioimmunoassay. The method used was specific for rubredoxin from Acinetobacter calcoaceticus. The formation of rubredoxin increased with time up to the end of the logarithmic phase when n-alkanes were the sole carbon source. After growth of Acinetobacter calcoaceticus on non-hydrocarbon substrates, rubredoxin was not detected. 相似文献
488.
The neurotransmitter(s) involved in the transmission of nociceptive information in the mesencephalic reticular formation (MRF) of the rat have not been identified. Acetylcholine (ACh), substance P (SP), neurotensin (NT), norepinephrine (NE) and dopamine (DA) have all been implicated as putative neurotransmitters involved in nociception. All of these compounds were microiontophoretically administered in the MRF of rats to determine which, if any, mimicked the effects produced by a nociceptive stimulus (foot pinch). This is only one of several criteria that a substance should meet to be considered a nociceptive neurotransmitter in the MRF. ACh and NE mimicked the effects of the nociceptive stimulus in 61% and 67% respectively of the cells tested; NT, DA and SP mimicked the effects of the nociceptive stimulus less frequently (33%, 30%, 23% respectively). Therefore, the nociceptive neurotransmitters in the MRF appear to be ACh and NE; NT, DA and SP may be neurotransmitters with a less important role in nociception in the MRF. 相似文献
489.
Otmar Schiel Karin Jarchow-Redecker Gerd-Walter Piehl Jürgen Lehmann Jochen Berlin 《Plant cell reports》1984,3(1):18-20
The tobacco cell line TX1 (Nicotiana tabacum) accumulates up to 10 mg cinnamoyl putrescines/g dry weight. This level was further increased under various growth limiting conditions. The negative effect of accumulated phosphate on the optimal expression of cinnamoyl putrescine biosynthesis was prevented by the fedbatch fermentation technique. A batch fermenter yielded 160 mg cinnamoyl putrescines/1 while a phosphate fedbatch fermentation produced 400 mg/1. This was mainly due to the fact that P in the cells was kept low during the whole growth cycle.Abbreviation 2,4-D
2,4-Dichlorophenoxyacetic acid 相似文献
490.
A brass cylindrical container 11.5 cm high and 7.5 cm in diameter was housed in an insulated wooden box. A 2.2 cm diameter hole was drilled in the centre of the removable brass lid on the underside of which a holder was attached for a cryostat tissue carrier. The container was filled with a mixture of acetone and solid CO2 to within 1.5 cm of the lid. The frozen tissue was placed in a drop of water on a tissue carrier which was then lowered into the holder through the hole in the lid. The tissue carrier was rapidly cooled by the acetone-solid CO2 mixture thus freezing the water and attaching the tissue to the carrier. 相似文献