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81.
To test the hypothesis that xylariaceous endophytes were ubiquitous on live and dead leaves of various tree species in the field, xylariaceous fungi were isolated from live leaves and bleached and nonbleached portions of dead leaves of a total of 94 tree species in a cool temperate forest in Japan. The biodiversity of xylariaceous endophytes was evaluated as the richness of operational taxonomic units (OTUs) determined by phylogenetic analysis of the nucleotide sequence of the D1/D2 region of the LSU rDNA of fungal isolates. A total of 326 isolates of xylariaceous fungi were isolated from live and dead leaves and classified into 15 OTUs. The three major OTUs, Xylaria sp.1, Nemania sp., and Biscogniauxia sp., accounted for 94% (308 isolates) of the total number of isolates, and were isolated from various live and dead leaves. Xylaria sp.1 was frequently encountered on bleached portions (which were produced due to the selective decomposition of lignin) of dead leaves of broad-leaved deciduous tree species. The results suggest that xylariaceous endophytes did not show host specificity and had a saprobic phase on dead leaves in their life cycles and that Xylaria sp.1 was capable of decomposing lignin in the field conditions. 相似文献
82.
We investigated the trophic position of the larval filter-feeding caddisfly species—Stenopsyche marmorata Navas in the Echi River (Japan) using δ13C and δ15N measurements by instar growth stage. We also analyzed δ13C and δ15N of food sources (periphyton and suspended and benthic POM) along the course of the river. The larvae showed some degree of spatial variation in δ13C and δ15N values with a downstream increase in δ13C and δ15N values. Our results demonstrate that the trophic structure of S. marmorata of different larval stages were spatially varying, depending on food sources. Small-sized instars displayed a higher trophic position than larger instars, confirming that their non-selective feeding behavior leads to consumption of items with high δ15N values according to the spatial distribution of food sources in the riverine system. 相似文献
83.
Osamu Takase Masahiro Yoshikawa Mana Idei Junichi Hirahashi Toshiro Fujita Tsuyoshi Takato Takayuki Isagawa Genta Nagae Hirofumi Suemori Hiroyuki Aburatani Keiichi Hishikawa 《PloS one》2013,8(2)
NF-κB signaling plays an essential role in maintaining the undifferentiated state of embryonic stem (ES) cells. However, opposing roles of NF-κB have been reported in mouse and human ES cells, and the role of NF-κB in human induced pluripotent stem (iPS) cells has not yet been clarified. Here, we report the role of NF-κB signaling in maintaining the undifferentiated state of human iPS cells. Compared with differentiated cells, undifferentiated human iPS cells showed an augmentation of NF-κB activity. During differentiation induced by the removal of feeder cells and FGF2, we observed a reduction in NF-κB activity, the expression of the undifferentiation markers Oct3/4 and Nanog, and the up-regulation of the differentiated markers WT-1 and Pax-2. The specific knockdown of NF-κB signaling using p65 siRNA also reduced the expression of Oct3/4 and Nanog and up-regulated WT-1 and Pax-2 but did not change the ES-like colony formation. Our results show that the augmentation of NF-κB signaling maintains the undifferentiated state of human iPS and suggest the importance of this signaling pathway in maintenance of human iPS cells. 相似文献
84.
85.
Tsuyoshi Nakajima Rinaldo A. Mezzarane Taryn Klarner Trevor S. Barss Sandra R. Hundza Tomoyoshi Komiyama E. Paul Zehr 《PloS one》2013,8(10)
Presynaptic inhibition of transmission between Ia afferent terminals and alpha motoneurons (Ia PSI) is a major control mechanism associated with soleus H-reflex modulation during human locomotion. Rhythmic arm cycling suppresses soleus H-reflex amplitude by increasing segmental Ia PSI. There is a reciprocal organization in the human nervous system such that arm cycling modulates H-reflexes in leg muscles and leg cycling modulates H-reflexes in forearm muscles. However, comparatively little is known about mechanisms subserving the effects from leg to arm. Using a conditioning-test (C-T) stimulation paradigm, the purpose of this study was to test the hypothesis that changes in Ia PSI underlie the modulation of H-reflexes in forearm flexor muscles during leg cycling. Subjects performed leg cycling and static activation while H-reflexes were evoked in forearm flexor muscles. H-reflexes were conditioned with either electrical stimuli to the radial nerve (to increase Ia PSI; C-T interval = 20 ms) or to the superficial radial (SR) nerve (to reduce Ia PSI; C-T interval = 37–47 ms). While stationary, H-reflex amplitudes were significantly suppressed by radial nerve conditioning and facilitated by SR nerve conditioning. Leg cycling suppressed H-reflex amplitudes and the amount of this suppression was increased with radial nerve conditioning. SR conditioning stimulation removed the suppression of H-reflex amplitude resulting from leg cycling. Interestingly, these effects and interactions on H-reflex amplitudes were observed with subthreshold conditioning stimulus intensities (radial n., ∼0.6×MT; SR n., ∼ perceptual threshold) that did not have clear post synaptic effects. That is, did not evoke reflexes in the surface EMG of forearm flexor muscles. We conclude that the interaction between leg cycling and somatosensory conditioning of forearm H-reflex amplitudes is mediated by modulation of Ia PSI pathways. Overall our results support a conservation of neural control mechanisms between the arms and legs during locomotor behaviors in humans. 相似文献
86.
Osamu Yamashita Koichi Yoshimura Ayako Nagasawa Koshiro Ueda Noriyasu Morikage Yasuhiro Ikeda Kimikazu Hamano 《PloS one》2013,8(11)
Aims
Abdominal aortic aneurysms (AAAs) are characterized by chronic inflammation, which contributes to the pathological remodeling of the extracellular matrix. Although mechanical stress has been suggested to promote inflammation in AAA, the molecular mechanism remains uncertain. Periostin is a matricellular protein known to respond to mechanical strain. The aim of this study was to elucidate the role of periostin in mechanotransduction in the pathogenesis of AAA.Methods and Results
We found significant increases in periostin protein levels in the walls of human AAA specimens. Tissue localization of periostin was associated with inflammatory cell infiltration and destruction of elastic fibers. We examined whether mechanical strain could stimulate periostin expression in cultured rat vascular smooth muscle cells. Cells subjected to 20% uniaxial cyclic strains showed significant increases in periostin protein expression, focal adhesion kinase (FAK) activation, and secretions of monocyte chemoattractant protein-1 (MCP-1) and the active form of matrix metalloproteinase (MMP)-2. These changes were largely abolished by a periostin-neutralizing antibody and by the FAK inhibitor, PF573228. Interestingly, inhibition of either periostin or FAK caused suppression of the other, indicating a positive feedback loop. In human AAA tissues in ex vivo culture, MCP-1 secretion was dramatically suppressed by PF573228. Moreover, in vivo, periaortic application of recombinant periostin in mice led to FAK activation and MCP-1 upregulation in the aortic walls, which resulted in marked cellular infiltration.Conclusion
Our findings indicated that periostin plays an important role in mechanotransduction that maintains inflammation via FAK activation in AAA. 相似文献87.
Gen Kuroyanagi Takanobu Otsuka Akira Kondo Rie Matsushima-Nishiwaki Jun Mizutani Osamu Kozawa Haruhiko Tokuda 《Biochimie》2013
We previously reported that interleukin-1 (IL-1), a potent bone resorptive cytokine, stimulates the synthesis of interleukin-6 (IL-6) via activation of p44/p42 mitogen-activated protein (MAP) kinase and p38 MAP kinase in osteoblast-like MC3T3-E1 cells, and that AMP-activated protein kinase (AMPK) negatively regulates the IL-1-induced IL-6 synthesis through the inhibitor of κB (IκB)/nuclear factor-κB (NF-κB) pathway. On the other hand, it is recognized that catechin possesses a beneficial property for bone metabolism. Among them, (-)-epigallocatechin gallate (EGCG) is an abundant and major bioactive component. In the present study, we investigated the effect of EGCG on the IL-1 stimulated IL-6 synthesis in osteoblast-like MC3T3-E1 cells. EGCG significantly enhanced the IL-1-stimulated IL-6 synthesis in a dose-dependent manner in the range between 50 and 100 μM. EGCG increased the mRNA levels of IL-6 stimulated by IL-1. IL-1-induced phosphorylation of IκB and NF-κB were suppressed by EGCG. On the other hand, EGCG failed to affect the IL-1-induced phosphorylation of p44/p42 MAP kinase, p38 MAP kinase and AMPK. These results strongly suggest that EGCG enhances IL-1-stimulated IL-6 synthesis through inhibiting the AMPK-IκB/NF-κB pathway at the point between AMPK and IκB/NF-κB in osteoblasts. 相似文献
88.
Katsunori Yanagawa Michinari Sunamura Mark Alexander Lever Yuki Morono Akihiro Hiruta Osamu Ishizaki 《Geomicrobiology journal》2013,30(2):118-129
In this study, we investigated the diversity and spatial distribution of anaerobic methanotrophic archaea (ANMEs) in sediments of a gas hydrate field off Joetsu in the Japan Sea. Distribution of ANMEs in sediments was identified by targeting the gene for methyl coenzyme M reductase alpha subunit (mcrA), a phylogenetically conserved gene that occurs uniquely in methanotrophic and methanogenic archaea, in addition to 16S rRNA genes. Quantitative PCR analyses of mcrA genes in 14 piston core samples suggested that members of ANME-1 group would dominate AOM communities in sulfate-depleted sediments, even below the sulfate-methane interface, while ANME-2 archaea would prefer to populate in shallower sediments containing comparatively higher sulfate concentrations. These results suggest that, although the potential electron acceptors in sulfate-depleted habitats remain elusive, the niche separation of ANME-1 and -2 may be controlled by in situ concentration of sulfate and the availability in sediments. 相似文献
89.
Miwako Matsuki-Fukushima Junko Fujita-Yoshigaki Masataka Murakami Osamu Katsumata-Kato Megumi Yokoyama Hiroshi Sugiya 《The Journal of membrane biology》2013,246(3):209-214
In secretory granules and vesicles, membrane transporters have been predicted to permeate water molecules, ions and/or small solutes to swell the granules and promote membrane fusion. We have previously demonstrated that aquaporin-6 (AQP6), a water channel protein, which permeates anions, is localized in rat parotid secretory granules (Matsuki-Fukushima et al., Cell Tissue Res 332:73–80, 2008). Because the localization of AQP6 in other organs is restricted to cytosolic vesicles, the native function or functions of AQP6 in vivo has not been well determined. To characterize the channel property in granule membranes, the solute permeation-induced lysis of purified secretory granules is a useful marker. To analyze the role of AQP6 in secretory granule membranes, we used Hg2+, which is known to activate AQP6, and investigated the characteristics of solute permeability in rat parotid secretory granule lysis induced by Hg2+ (Hg lysis). The kinetics of osmotic secretory granule lysis in an iso-osmotic KCl solution was monitored by the decay of optical density at 540 nm using a spectrophotometer. Osmotic secretory granule lysis was markedly facilitated in the presence of 0.5–2.0 μM Hg2+, concentrations that activate AQP6. The Hg lysis was completely blocked by β-mercaptoethanol which disrupts Hg2+-binding, or by removal of chloride ions from the reaction medium. An anion channel blocker, DIDS, which does not affect AQP6, discriminated between DIDS-insensitive and sensitive components in Hg lysis. These results suggest that Hg lysis is required for anion permeability through the protein transporter. Hg lysis depended on anion conductance with a sequence of NO3 ? > Br? > I? > Cl? and was facilitated by acidic pH. The anion selectivity for NO3 ? and the acidic pH sensitivity were similar to the channel properties of AQP6. Taken together, it is likely that AQP6 permeates halide group anions as a Hg2+-sensitive anion channel in rat parotid secretory granules. 相似文献
90.
Takahito Tamai Osamu Yamaguchi Shungo Hikoso Toshihiro Takeda Manabu Taneike Takafumi Oka Jota Oyabu Tomokazu Murakawa Hiroyuki Nakayama Yoshihiro Uno Kyoji Horie Kazuhiko Nishida Nahum Sonenberg Ajay M. Shah Junji Takeda Issei Komuro Kinya Otsu 《The Journal of biological chemistry》2013,288(14):10176-10187
Cardiomyocytes proliferate during fetal life but lose their ability to proliferate soon after birth and further increases in cardiac mass are achieved through an increase in cell size or hypertrophy. Mammalian target of rapamycin complex 1 (mTORC1) is critical for cell growth and proliferation. Rheb (Ras homologue enriched in brain) is one of the most important upstream regulators of mTORC1. Here, we attempted to clarify the role of Rheb in the heart using cardiac-specific Rheb-deficient mice (Rheb−/−). Rheb−/− mice died from postnatal day 8 to 10. The heart-to-body weight ratio, an index of cardiomyocyte hypertrophy, in Rheb−/− was lower than that in the control (Rheb+/+) at postnatal day 8. The cell surface area of cardiomyocytes isolated from the mouse hearts increased from postnatal days 5 to 8 in Rheb+/+ mice but not in Rheb−/− mice. Ultrastructural analysis indicated that sarcomere maturation was impaired in Rheb−/− hearts during the neonatal period. Rheb−/− hearts exhibited no difference in the phosphorylation level of S6 or 4E-BP1, downstream of mTORC1 at postnatal day 3 but showed attenuation at postnatal day 5 or 8 compared with the control. Polysome analysis revealed that the mRNA translation activity decreased in Rheb−/− hearts at postnatal day 8. Furthermore, ablation of eukaryotic initiation factor 4E-binding protein 1 in Rheb−/− mice improved mRNA translation, cardiac hypertrophic growth, sarcomere maturation, and survival. Thus, Rheb-dependent mTORC1 activation becomes essential for cardiomyocyte hypertrophic growth after early postnatal period. 相似文献