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91.
Loknath Gidijala Roel AL Bovenberg Paul Klaassen Ida J van der Klei Marten Veenhuis Jan AKW Kiel 《BMC biotechnology》2008,8(1):29
Background
β-Lactams like penicillin and cephalosporin are among the oldest known antibiotics used against bacterial infections. Industrially, penicillin is produced by the filamentous fungus Penicillium chrysogenum. Our goal is to introduce the entire penicillin biosynthesis pathway into the methylotrophic yeast Hansenula polymorpha. Yeast species have the advantage of being versatile, easy to handle and cultivate, and possess superior fermentation properties relative to filamentous fungi. One of the fundamental challenges is to produce functionally active enzyme in H. polymorpha. 相似文献92.
Abstract: An early Cenozoic shark fauna, comprising at least 16 taxa, is described from Paleocene sedimentary rocks on the South Island of New Zealand. Although representing a remote Southern Hemisphere location, the fauna includes forms closely comparable to contemporary species from the Northern Hemisphere, in addition to the new species Chlamydoselachus keyesi and Centroselachus goordi. Comparison with closely related extant species suggests the fauna may be interpreted as a deep water one, typical of the outer continental shelf and upper slope. However, after palaeogeography, sedimentology and mineralogy of the enclosing rock, and the nature of similar faunas from elsewhere are taken into consideration, the fauna is interpreted to have occupied a mid‐shelf environment. 相似文献
93.
A mathematical model has been developed for predicting the performance and simulation of a packed bed immobilized enzyme reactor performing lactose hydrolysis, which follows Michaelis‐Menten kinetics with competitive product (galactose) inhibition. The performance characteristics of a packed bed immobilized enzyme reactor have been analyzed taking into account the effects of various diffusional phenomena like axial dispersion and external mass transfer limitations. The model design equations are then solved by Galerkin's method and orthogonal collocation on finite elements. The effects of external mass transfer and axial dispersion have been studied and their effects were shown to reduce the external effectiveness factor. The effects of product inhibition have been investigated at different operating conditions correlated at different regimes using dimensionless moduli (St, γ, θ, Da)1). The product inhibition was shown to reduce the substrate conversion, and, additionally, to decrease the effectiveness factor when Da > Daxo, however, it increases the effectiveness factor when Da < Daxo. The effectiveness factor is found to be independent of the product inhibition at a crossover point at which Daxo is defined. Effects of St and Pe have been investigated at different kinetic regimes and the results show that their effects have a strong dependency on the kinetic parameters θ, γ (i.e., Km/Kp), and Daxo. 相似文献
94.
在中国应用垂直波束雷达监测褐飞虱和其他水稻害虫迁飞的可行性 总被引:1,自引:0,他引:1
J.R.Riley A.D.Smith D.R.Reynolds 《Entomologia Sinica》2003,10(1):1-19
近年来,可用于昆虫迁飞研究且可自动运行的垂直波束雷达(vertical-looking radar,VLR)的发展使得对迁飞性害虫的周年长期自动监测成为可能。本文提供了我们对能否将这种雷达应用于中国的褐飞虱和其他水稻害虫的监测与预测体系以改善其综合治理的可行性研究结果。以往的研究已经表明,这些害虫一般在300—2000m高度迁飞;而我们根据褐飞虱的雷达和射有效截面的计算结果表明,目前使用的3.2cm波长的VLR对褐飞虱个体目标的最大可检测高度仅约240m;虽然建造一部8.8mm波长的VLR即可覆盖褐飞虱迁飞高度的绝大部分,但其造价和维护费用均过于昂贵。为此,一个更可行的解决方案是,以3.2cm波长的VLR作为包括大多数水稻害虫在内的个体较大的迁飞性害虫的监测工具。 相似文献
95.
Since its first appearance, CRISPR–Cas9 has been developed extensively as a programmable genome-editing tool, opening a new era in plant genome engineering. However, CRISPR–Cas9 still has some drawbacks, such as limitations of the protospacer-adjacent motif (PAM) sequence, target specificity, and the large size of the cas9 gene. To combat invading bacterial phages and plasmid DNAs, bacteria and archaea have diverse and unexplored CRISPR–Cas systems, which have the potential to be developed as a useful genome editing tools. Recently, discovery and characterization of additional CRISPR–Cas systems have been reported. Among them, several CRISPR–Cas systems have been applied successfully to plant and human genome editing. For example, several groups have achieved genome editing using CRISPR–Cas type I-D and type I-E systems, which had never been applied for genome editing previously. In addition to higher specificity and recognition of different PAM sequences, recently developed CRISPR–Cas systems often provide unique characteristics that differ from well-known Cas proteins such as Cas9 and Cas12a. For example, type I CRISPR–Cas10 induces small indels and bi-directional long-range deletions ranging up to 7.2 kb in tomatoes (Solanum lycopersicum L.). Type IV CRISPR–Cas13 targets RNA, not double-strand DNA, enabling highly specific knockdown of target genes. In this article, we review the development of CRISPR–Cas systems, focusing especially on their application to plant genome engineering. Recent CRISPR–Cas tools are helping expand our plant genome engineering toolbox.Recently discovered and characterized clustered regularly interspaced short palindromic repeats-CRISPR associated (CRISPR–Cas) systems allow additional applications to plant genome editing. 相似文献
96.
To understand the evolution of duplicate genes, we compared rates of
nucleotide substitution between 17 pairs of nonallelic duplicated genes in
the tetraploid frog Xenopus laevis with rates between the orthologous loci
of human and rodent. For all duplicated X. laevis genes, the number of
synonymous substitutions per site (dS) was greater than the number of
nonsynonymous substitutions per site (dN), indicating that these genes are
subject to purifying selection. There was also a significant positive
correlation (r = 0.915) between dN for the X. laevis genes and dN for the
mammalian genes, suggesting that, at the amino acid level, the X. laevis
genes and the mammalian genes are under similar constraints. Results of
relative-rate tests showed nearly equal rates of nonsynonymous substitution
in each copy of the X. laevis genes; apparently there are similar
constraints on both copies. No correlation was found between dS for the X.
laevis genes and dS for the mammalian genes. There was a significant
positive correlation both between members of pairs of duplicated X. laevis
genes (r = 0.951) and between human and rodent orthologues (r = 0.854) with
respect to third- position G+C content but no such relationship between the
X. laevis genes and either of their mammalian orthologues. The results
indicate that both copies of a duplicate gene can be subject to purifying
selection and thus support the hypothesis of selection against all
genotypes containing a null allele at either of two duplicate loci.
相似文献
97.
The genetic differentiation in Panonychus citri (McGregor) due to selection by pesticides was analyzed in this study on the basis of allele frequencies of an esterase locus, -Estl. The analysis was performed on 11 local populations collected primarily from satsuma mandarin in Japan. Clear difference of the allele frequencies was found between southwestern (Kyûshû district) and other areas in Japan. The results strongly suggest that the selection by pesticides influences the allele frequency of -Estl. The differentiation was inferred to be a result of selection in citrus groves by pesticides, mainly organophosphate. 相似文献
98.
Cell surface distribution and intracellular fate of asialoglycoproteins: a morphological and biochemical study of isolated rat hepatocytes and monolayer cultures 总被引:16,自引:11,他引:5
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A combination of biochemistry and morphology was used to demonstrate that more than 95 percent of the isolated rat hepatocytes prepared by collagenase dissociation of rat livers retained the pathway for receptor-mediated endocytosis of asialoglycoproteins (ASGPs). Maximal specific binding of (125)I-asialoorosomucoid ((125)I-ASOR) to dissociated hepatocytes at 5 degrees C (at which temperature no internalization occurred) averaged 100,000-400,000 molecules per cell. Binding, uptake, and degredation of (125)I- ASOR at 37 degrees C occurred at a rate of 1 x 10(6) molecules per cell over 2 h. Light and electron microscopic autoradiography (LM- and EM-ARG) of (125)I-ASOR were used to visualize the surface binding sites at 5 degrees C and the intracellular pathway at 37 degrees C. In the EM-ARG experiments, ARG grains corresponding to (125)I-ASOR were distributed randomly over the cell surface at 5 degrees C but over time at 37 degrees C were concentrated in the lysosome region. Cytochemical detection of an ASOR-horseradish peroxidase conjugate (ASOR-HRP) at the ultrastructural level revealed that at 5 degrees C this specific ASGP tracer was concentrated in pits at the cell surface as well as diffusely distributed along the rest of the plasma membrane. Such a result indicates that redistribution of ASGP surface receptors had occurred. Because the number of surface binding sites of (125)I-ASOR varied among cell preparations, the effect of collagenase on (125)I-ASOR binding was examined. When collagenase-dissociated hepatocytes were re-exposed to collagenase at 37 degrees C, 10-50 percent of control binding was observed. However, by measuring the extent of (125)I-ASOR binding at 5 degrees C in the same cell population before and after collagenase dissociation, little reduction in the number of ASGP surface receptors was found. Therefore, the possibility that the time and temperature of the cell isolations allowed recovery of cell surface receptors following collagenase exposure was tested. Freshly isolated cells, dissociated cells that were re-exposed to collagenase, and perfused livers exposed to collagenase without a Ca(++)-free pre-perfusion, were found to bind 110-240 percent more(125)I-ASOR after 1 h at 37 degrees C that they did at 0 time. This recovery of surface ASGP binding activity occurred in the absence of significant protein synthesis (i.e., basal medium or 1 mM cycloheximide). Suspensions of isolated, unpolarized hepatocytes were placed in monolayer culture for 24 h and confluent cells were demonstrated to reestablish morphologically distinct plasma membrane regions analogous to bile canalicular, lateral, and sinusoidal surfaces in vivo. More than 95 percent of these cells maintained the capacity to bind, internalize, and degrade (125)I-ASOR at levels comparable to those of the freshly isolated population. ASOR-HRP (at 5 degrees C) was specifically bound to all plasma membrane surfaces of repolarized hepatocytes (cultured for 24 h) except those lining bile canalicular-like spaces. Thus, both isolated, unpolarized hepatocytes and cells cultured under conditions that promote morphological reestablishment of polarity maintain the pathway for receptor- mediated endocytosis of ASGPs. 相似文献
99.
100.
H?Bukulmez AL?Matthews CM?Sullivan C?Chen MJ?Kraay RC?Elston RW?Moskowitz VM?Goldberg ML?WarmanEmail author 《Arthritis research & therapy》2005,8(1):R25
In order to determine whether there is a genetic component to hip or knee joint failure due to idiopathic osteoarthritis (OA),
we invited patients (probands) undergoing hip or knee arthroplasty for management of idiopathic OA to provide detailed family
histories regarding the prevalence of idiopathic OA requiring joint replacement in their siblings. We also invited their spouses
to provide detailed family histories about their siblings to serve as a control group. In the probands, we confirmed the diagnosis
of idiopathic OA using American College of Rheumatology criteria. The cohorts included the siblings of 635 probands undergoing
total hip replacement, the siblings of 486 probands undergoing total knee replacement, and the siblings of 787 spouses. We
compared the prevalence of arthroplasty for idiopathic OA among the siblings of the probands with that among the siblings
of the spouses, and we used logistic regression to identify independent risk factors for hip and knee arthroplasty in the
siblings. Familial aggregation for hip arthroplasty, but not for knee arthroplasty, was observed after controlling for age
and sex, suggesting a genetic contribution to end-stage hip OA but not to end-stage knee OA. We conclude that attempts to
identify genes that predispose to idiopathic OA resulting in joint failure are more likely to be successful in patients with
hip OA than in those with knee OA. 相似文献