稻纵卷叶螟迁飞途径的研究

稻纵卷叶螟 Cnaphalocrocis medinalis Guenee原为我国水稻上一种间歇性、局部性发生的害虫,随着耕作改制、品种更新、密植高肥等生产水平的提高,为害程度从1965年开始在全国范围内明显上升,已成为水稻上一种常发性的重要害虫。分布东自台湾,西迄西藏,南起海南岛,北到黑龙江,遍及二十八个省、市自治区,主要为害区在泰沂山区到秦岭一线以南各省稻区,及华北、东北渤海湾沿岸地区。国外分布主要在亚洲高温多雨的热带、亚热带及夏季高温多雨的温带地区,以南亚、东南亚各国及日本、朝鲜等地为主,其他     

A molecular phylogeny of the genus Apis suggests that the Giant Honey Bee of the Philippines,A. breviligula Maa,and the Plains Honey Bee of southern India,A. indica Fabricius,are valid species

Two new taxa have been added to the existing molecular phylogenies of the genus Apis. The new phylogeny supports the accepted phylogenetic relationships of {dwarf honey bees [giant honey bees (cavity‐nesting honey bees)]}. Based on Bayesian and maximum parsimony trees, our analysis supports recognition of Apis indica, the Plains Honey Bee of south India, as a separate species from A. cerana. Our analysis also supports recognition of the Giant Philippines Honey Bee, A. breviligula, as a separate species from A. dorsata.     

Enhanced virulence mediated by the murine coronavirus,mouse hepatitis virus strain JHM,is associated with a glycine at residue 310 of the spike glycoprotein

The coronavirus, mouse hepatitis virus strain JHM, causes acute and chronic neurological diseases in rodents. Here we demonstrate that two closely related virus variants, both of which cause acute encephalitis in susceptible strains of mice, cause markedly different diseases if mice are protected with a suboptimal amount of an anti-JHM neutralizing antibody. One strain, JHM.SD, caused acute encephalitis, while infection with JHM.IA resulted in no acute disease. Using recombinant virus technology, we found that the differences between the two viruses mapped to the spike (S) glycoprotein and that the two S proteins differed at four amino acids. By engineering viruses that differed by only one amino acid, we identified a serine-to-glycine change at position 310 of the S protein (S310G) that recapitulated the more neurovirulent phenotype. The increased neurovirulence mediated by the virus encoding glycine at position S310 was not associated with a different tropism within the central nervous system (CNS) but was associated with increased lateral spread in the CNS, leading to significantly higher brain viral titers. In vitro studies revealed that S310G was associated with decreased S1-S2 stability and with enhanced ability to mediate infection of cells lacking the primary receptor for JHM ("receptor-independent spread"). These enhanced fusogenic properties of viruses encoding a glycine at position 310 of the S protein may contribute to spread within the CNS, a tissue in which expression of conventional JHM receptors is low.