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111.
Recovering the Reptile Community after the Mine-Tailing Accident of Aznalcóllar (Southwestern Spain)
Rocío Márquez-Ferrando Juan M. Pleguezuelos Xavier Santos Diego Ontiveros Juan R. Fernández-Cardenete 《Restoration Ecology》2009,17(5):660-667
Ecosystem restoration requires that habitat requirements of all species be considered. Among animal communities in Mediterranean ecosystems, reptiles, as ectothermic vertebrates, need refuges for avoidance of extreme environmental temperatures, concealment from predators, and oviposition sites. In 1998, a massive amount of tailings broke out of the holding pond of the Aznalcóllar mine (southwestern Spain) and polluted the Guadiamar river valley. After the accident, a soil- and vegetation restoration program began, and the Guadiamar Green Corridor was created to connect two huge natural areas, Doñana National Park and the Sierra Morena. Within this corridor, the reptile community remained dramatically impoverished, probably because of elimination of all natural refuges during the soil restoration program. To test this hypothesis, we set an array of artificial refuges (logs) in a large experimental plot. During the 5 years of the experiment (2002–2006), the area managed with artificial refuges exhibited a better and faster recovery of the reptile community in species richness and individual abundance than did the control area with no artificial refuges. Moreover, reptile colonization of the Guadiamar Green Corridor was transverse rather than lineal—that is, it did not act as a corridor for reptiles, at least in the first stages of colonization. This suggests that landscape restoration programs should not neglect refuge availability, a limiting resource for reptile species. 相似文献
112.
DANNY LO SEEN B. R. RAMESH K. M. NAIR MANUEL MARTIN DOMINIQUE ARROUAYS GÉRARD BOURGEON 《Global Change Biology》2010,16(6):1777-1792
Habitat loss and soil organic carbon (SOC) stock variations linked to land‐cover change were estimated over two decades in the most densely populated biodiversity hotspot in the world, in order to assess the possible influence of conservation practices on the protection of SOC. For a study area of 88 484 km2, 70% of which lie inside the Western Ghats Biodiversity Hotspot (WGBH), land‐cover maps for two dates (1977, 1999) were built from various data sources including remote sensing images and ecological forest maps. SOC stocks were calculated from climatic parameters, altitude, physiography, rock type, soil type and land‐cover, with a modelling approach used in predictive learning and based on Multiple Additive Regression Tree. The model was trained on 361 soil profiles data, and applied to estimate SOC stocks from predictor variables using a Geographical Information System (GIS). Comparison of 1977 and 1999 land‐cover maps showed 628 km2 of dense forests habitat loss (6%), corresponding to an annual deforestation rate of 0.44%. This was found consistent with other studies carried out in other parts of the WGBH, but not with FAO figures showing an increase in forest area. This could be explained by the different forest definitions used, based on ecological classification in the former, and on percentage tree cover in the latter. Unexpectedly, our results showed that despite ongoing deforestation, overall SOC stock was maintained (~0.43 Pg). But a closer examination of spatial differences showed that soil carbon losses in deforested areas were compensated by sequestration elsewhere, mainly in recent plantations and newly irrigated croplands. This suggests that more carbon sequestration in soils could be achieved in the future through appropriate wasteland management. It is also expected that increasing concerns about biodiversity loss will favour more conservation and reinforce the already prevailing protective measures, thus further maintaining C stocks. 相似文献
113.
不同频率电刺激猫中央中核对丘脑束旁核痛放电的抑制效应 总被引:4,自引:0,他引:4
用清醒的肌肉麻痹的猫进行实验。观察到:以4Hz、8Hz 和60Hz 的电脉冲刺激中央中核,均可抑制束旁核的痛放电。频率为8Hz 的刺激能产生最强的抑制效应,4Hz 的效应稍差,60Hz 的最差。抑制的表现方式有二:(1)跟随着每个刺激脉冲出现痛放电的短暂遏制,遏制时间约为120ms,而且不随刺激强度的加强而相应延长。这种方式只有在低频刺激时才出现。(2)痛放电的整个时程缩短,高频和低频刺激时均可出现,特別是在使用高强度(5.4—8.5V)刺激时表现得更加明显。刺激丘脑中央中核与刺激外周深部神经或“穴位”,对束旁核痛放电有非常相似的抑制时程和适宜频率。此外,刺激中央中核选择性地抑制束旁核内痛敏细胞的活动,而不抑制非痛敏细胞的活动。实验结果提示我们:中央中核可能在远距离穴位镇痛机制中占重要地位。 相似文献
114.
在清醒和肌肉麻痹的猫上,以单个电脉冲刺激“足三里”、“上巨虚”穴位可以在丘脑中央中核引导出短潜伏期(15—40ms)短串(2—4个锋电位)反应。这种反应不为镇痛药物(如芬太尼)所抑制。以8Hz 的连续电脉冲刺激腓深神经或桡深神经可使中央中核细胞放电持续增加,刺激过程中未出现适应现象。停刺激后,多数细胞有大约0.5min 的后作用,然后恢复到对照水平。4Hz 的电刺激也使中央中核细胞放电增加,但有时不如前者明显,而且后作用时间甚短。60Hz 的高频电刺激仅使中央中核在前0.5min 内放电增加,然后出现适应现象,放电频率降到对照水平。由此可见,低频刺激(4—8Hz)深部神经能够最有效地激活中央中核细胞。经电子计算机处理的脉冲密度直方图表明中央中核细胞放电与低频刺激脉冲有时间上的相关关系。中央中核细胞放电的多少与我们前文观察到的束旁核痛放电受抑制的程度似呈平行的关系,这再次表明中央中核在针刺镇痛中起重要的作用。 相似文献
115.
116.
黑翅土白蚁的跟踪信息素 总被引:9,自引:1,他引:8
黑翅土白蚁Odontotermes formosanus(Shiraki)严重危害堤坝,有明显跟踪行为,其分泌跟踪物质的腹板腺位于腹部第5节腹板前沿中部,分泌细胞呈长形,与腹板呈垂直方向排列。用滤纸双圈法测定黑翅土白蚁跟踪行为。跟踪物质的抽提以正己烷较好,丙酮和二氯甲烷次之。从抽提液柱层析、薄层层析和微化学反应结果推测,其跟踪物质可能是含有双键的醇类化合物。密褐褶孔菌及其感染的腐木块抽提液及白蚁跟踪信息化合物——顺,顺-3,6-十二碳双烯醇都对黑翅土白蚁有较强的跟踪活性。肖若散白蚁和家白蚁抽提液均对黑翅土白蚁有跟踪活性,但肖若散白蚁和家白蚁对黑翅土白蚁抽提液及其柱层析和薄层层析的活性馏份无活性反应。 相似文献
117.
118.
Measurements of xylem conduit length and width and the distribution of xylem conduit ends were made in inter-nodes (I), nodes (N) and twig junctions (J) of 1-, 2- and 3-year-old twigs of plants of Quercus cerris L. Parallel measurements were also made of the loss of hydraulic conductivity of twigs subjected to pressure differentials across conduit pit membranes, equalling the leaf water potential at the turgor loss point. The loss of theoretical hydraulic conductivity was calculated as the ratio of i esivr4 (where r is the conduit radius) of the non-conducting conduits to that of all the conduits in the outermost wood ring of I, N and J. Stem zones such as 1-year-old nodes and junctions were localized with narrower and shorter xylem conduits and with higher percentages of conduit ends than internodes. Such ‘constricted zonesrsquo; were less vulnerable to embolism than internodes. Latewood conduits were consistently narrower, shorter and less vulnerable to embolism than earlywood ones. A positive relation therefore existed between conduit diameter and length and vulnerability to embolism. The overall vulnerability to embolism of Q. cerris plants is discussed in terms of xylem conduit width and length and of the distribution of conduit ends. 相似文献
119.
Water storage in the wood and xylem cavitation in 1-year-old twigs of Populus deltoides Bartr. 总被引:8,自引:4,他引:4
The possible role of water expelled from cavitated xylem conduits in the rehydration of water-stressed leaves has been studied in one-year-old twigs of populus deltoides Bartr. Twigs were dehydrated in air. At desired values of leaf water potential (Ψl) (between near full turgor and -1.62 MPa), twigs were placed in black plastic bags for 1–2h. Leaf water content was measured every 3–5 min before bagging and every 10 min in the dark. Hydraulic conductivity and xylem cavitation were measured both in the open and in the dark. Cavitation was monitored as ultrasound acoustic emissions (AE). A critical Ψl value of -0.96 MPa was found, at which AE increased significantly while the leaf water deficit decreased by gain of water. Since the twigs were no longer attached to roots, it was concluded that water expelled from cavitated xylem conduits was transported to the leaves, thus contributing to their rehydration. Xylem cavitation is discussed in terms of a ‘leaf water deficit buffer mechanism’, under not very severe water stress conditions. 相似文献
120.