Richard P. Shefferson  Tiiu Kull  Michael J. Hutchings  Marc‐André Selosse  Hans Jacquemyn  Kimberly M. Kellett  Eric S. Menges  Richard B. Primack  Juha Tuomi  Kirsi Alahuhta  Sonja Hurskainen  Helen M. Alexander  Derek S. Anderson  Rein Brys  Emilia Brzosko  Slavomir Dostálik  Katharine Gregg  Zdeněk Ipser  Anne Jäkäläniemi  Jana Jersáková  W. Dean Kettle  Melissa K. McCormick  Ana Mendoza  Michael T. Miller  Asbjørn Moen  Dag‐Inge Øien  Ülle Püttsepp  Mélanie Roy  Nancy Sather  Nina Sletvold  Zuzana Štípková  Kadri Tali  Robert J. Warren II  Dennis F. Whigham 《Ecology letters》2018,21(5):724-733

Vegetative dormancy, that is the temporary absence of aboveground growth for ≥ 1 year, is paradoxical, because plants cannot photosynthesise or flower during dormant periods. We test ecological and evolutionary hypotheses for its widespread persistence. We show that dormancy has evolved numerous times. Most species displaying dormancy exhibit life‐history costs of sprouting, and of dormancy. Short‐lived and mycoheterotrophic species have higher proportions of dormant plants than long‐lived species and species with other nutritional modes. Foliage loss is associated with higher future dormancy levels, suggesting that carbon limitation promotes dormancy. Maximum dormancy duration is shorter under higher precipitation and at higher latitudes, the latter suggesting an important role for competition or herbivory. Study length affects estimates of some demographic parameters. Our results identify life historical and environmental drivers of dormancy. We also highlight the evolutionary importance of the little understood costs of sprouting and growth, latitudinal stress gradients and mixed nutritional modes.  相似文献   

    

Lenka Storchová  David Hořák 《Global Ecology and Biogeography》2018,27(4):400-406

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Md Shakhawate Hossain  Jiří Patoka  Antonín Kouba  Miloš Buřič 《Biologia》2018,73(9):841-855

Since the mid-twentieth century, numerous vertebrates and invertebrates have been used as model organisms and become indispensable tools for exploring a broad range of biological and ecological processes. Crayfish seem to be adequate models which resulted in their involvement in research. In the two decades since its discovery, ongoing research has confirmed that the marbled crayfish (Procambarus virginalis Lyko, 2017) is an ideal taxon in this regard, especially due to its almost continuous asexual reproduction providing a source of genetically identical offspring. This review provides an overview of the occurrence, biology, ecology, ethology, and human exploitation of marbled crayfish with primary focus on its use as a laboratory model organism as well as potential risks to native biota in case of its introduction. Genetic uniformity, ease of culture, and a broad behaviour repertoire fosters the use of marbled crayfish in epigenetics and developmental biology, as well as physiological, ecotoxicological, and ethological research. Marbled crayfish could be further exploited for basic and applied fields of science such as evolutionary biology and clonal tumour evolution. However, due to its high invasive potential in freshwater environments security measures must be taken to prevent its escape into the wild.  相似文献   

    

Radim Blažek  Matej Polačik  Petr Kačer  Alessandro Cellerino  Radomil Řežucha  Caroline Methling  Oldřich Tomášek  Kamila Syslová  Eva Terzibasi Tozzini  Tomáš Albrecht  Milan Vrtílek  Martin Reichard 《Evolution; international journal of organic evolution》2017,71(2):386-402

Life span and aging are substantially modified by natural selection. Across species, higher extrinsic (environmentally related) mortality (and hence shorter life expectancy) selects for the evolution of more rapid aging. However, among populations within species, high extrinsic mortality can lead to extended life span and slower aging as a consequence of condition‐dependent survival. Using within‐species contrasts of eight natural populations of Nothobranchius fishes in common garden experiments, we demonstrate that populations originating from dry regions (with short life expectancy) had shorter intrinsic life spans and a greater increase in mortality with age, more pronounced cellular and physiological deterioration (oxidative damage, tumor load), and a faster decline in fertility than populations from wetter regions. This parallel intraspecific divergence in life span and aging was not associated with divergence in early life history (rapid growth, maturation) or pace‐of‐life syndrome (high metabolic rates, active behavior). Variability across four study species suggests that a combination of different aging and life‐history traits conformed with or contradicted the predictions for each species. These findings demonstrate that variation in life span and functional decline among natural populations are linked, genetically underpinned, and can evolve relatively rapidly.  相似文献   

    

Maja Šešelj 《American journal of physical anthropology》2017,163(3):531-541

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Oshry Markovich  Evyatar Steiner  Štěpán Kouřil  Petr Tarkowski  Asaph Aharoni  Rivka Elbaum 《Plant, cell & environment》2017,40(7):1189-1196

Silicate minerals are dominant soil components. Thus, plant roots are constantly exposed to silicic acid. High silicon intake, enabled by root silicon transporters, correlates with increased tolerance to many biotic and abiotic stresses. However, the underlying protection mechanisms are largely unknown. Here, we tested the hypothesis that silicon interacts with the plant hormones, and specifically, that silicic acid intake increases cytokinin biosynthesis. The reaction of sorghum (Sorghum bicolor) and Arabidopsis plants, modified to absorb high versus low amounts of silicon, to dark‐induced senescence was monitored, by quantifying expression levels of genes along the senescence pathway and measuring tissue cytokinin levels. In both species, detached leaves with high silicon content senesced more slowly than leaves that were not exposed to silicic acid. Expression levels of genes along the senescence pathway suggested increased cytokinin biosynthesis with silicon exposure. Mass spectrometry measurements of cytokinin suggested a positive correlation between silicon exposure and active cytokinin concentrations. Our results indicate a similar reaction to silicon treatment in distantly related plants, proposing a general function of silicon as a stress reliever, acting via increased cytokinin biosynthesis.  相似文献   

    

Miroslav Dvorský  Martin Macek  Martin Kopecký  Jan Wild  Jiří Doležal 《Journal of Biogeography》2017,44(6):1418-1425

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Lenka Petráková  Andrea Tóthová  Jiří Schlaghamerský 《Journal of Biogeography》2017,44(7):1652-1664

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ANA JEŠOVNIK  JEFFREY SOSA‐CALVO  MICHAEL W. LLOYD  MICHAEL G. BRANSTETTER  FERNANDO FERNÁNDEZ  TED R. SCHULTZ 《Systematic Entomology》2017,42(3):523-542

Ants in the Neotropical genus Sericomyrmex Mayr cultivate fungi for food. Both ants and fungi are obligate, coevolved symbionts. The taxonomy of Sericomyrmex is problematic because the morphology of the worker caste is generally homogeneous across all of the species within the genus, species limits are vague, and the relationships between them are unknown. We used ultraconserved elements (UCEs) as genome‐scale markers to reconstruct evolutionary history and to infer species boundaries in Sericomyrmex. We recovered an average of ～990 UCE loci for 88 Sericomyrmex samples from across the geographical range of the genus as well as for five outgroup taxa. Using maximum likelihood and species‐tree approaches, we recovered nearly identical topologies across datasets with 50–95% matrix completeness. We identify nine species‐level lineages in Sericomyrmex, including two new species. This is less than the previously described 19 species, even accounting for two species for which we had no UCE samples, which brings the total number of Sericomyrmex species to 11. Divergence‐dating analyses recovered 4.3 Ma as the crown‐group age estimates for Sericomyrmex, indicating a recent, rapid radiation. We also sequenced mitochondrial cytochrome oxidase subunit I (COI) for 125 specimens. Resolution and support for clades in our COI phylogeny are weak, indicating that COI is not an appropriate species‐delimitation tool. However, taxa within species consistently cluster together, suggesting that COI is useful as a species identification (‘DNA barcoding’) tool. We also sequenced internal transcribed spacer (ITS) and large subunit (LSU) for 32 Sericomyrmex fungal cultivars. The fungal phylogeny confirms that Sericomyrmex fungi are generalized higher‐attine cultivars, interspersed with Trachymyrmex‐associated fungal species, indicating cultivar sharing and horizontal transfer between these two genera. Our results indicate that UCEs offer immense potential for delimiting and resolving relationships of problematic, recently diverged species.  相似文献   

    

EMMANUEL F. A. TOUSSAINT  MATTHIAS SEIDEL  EMMANUEL ARRIAGA‐VARELA  JIŘÍ HÁJEK  DAVID KRÁL  LUKAŠ SEKERKA  ANDREW E. Z. SHORT  MARTIN FIKÁČEK 《Systematic Entomology》2017,42(1):1-10

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