Three new species of mygalomorph and filistatid spiders from Iran (Araneae,Cyrtaucheniidae, Nemesiidae and Filistatidae)

Three new spider species are described from Iran: Anemesia koponeni sp. n. (♂, Cyrtaucheniidae); Raveniola mazandaranica sp. n. (♂, Nemesiidae) and Sahastata sinuspersica sp. n. (♀, Filistatidae). Cyrtaucheniidae and Sahastata Benoit, 1968 are reported from Iran for the fisrt time.     

Groove-type Recognition of Chlamydiaceae-specific Lipopolysaccharide Antigen by a Family of Antibodies Possessing an Unusual Variable Heavy Chain N-Linked Glycan

The structure of the antigen binding fragment of mAb S25-26, determined to 1.95 Å resolution in complex with the Chlamydiaceae family-specific trisaccharide antigen Kdo(2→8)Kdo(2→4)Kdo (Kdo = 3-deoxy-α-d-manno-oct-2-ulopyranosonic acid), displays a germ-line-coded paratope that differs significantly from previously characterized Chlamydiaceae-specific mAbs despite being raised against the identical immunogen. Unlike the terminal Kdo recognition pocket that promotes cross-reactivity in S25-2-type antibodies, S25-26 and the closely related S25-23 utilize a groove composed of germ-line residues to recognize the entire trisaccharide antigen and so confer strict specificity. Interest in S25-23 was sparked by its rare high μm affinity and strict specificity for the family-specific trisaccharide antigen; however, only the related antibody S25-26 proved amenable to crystallization. The structures of three unliganded forms of S25-26 have a labile complementary-determining region H3 adjacent to significant glycosylation of the variable heavy chain on asparagine 85 in Framework Region 3. Analysis of the glycan reveals a heterogeneous mixture with a common root structure that contains an unusually high number of terminal αGal-Gal moieties. One of the few reported structures of glycosylated mAbs containing these epitopes is the therapeutic antibody Cetuximab; however, unlike Cetuximab, one of the unliganded structures in S25-26 shows significant order in the glycan with appropriate electron density for nine residues. The elucidation of the three-dimensional structure of an αGal-containing N-linked glycan on a mAb variable heavy chain has potential clinical interest, as it has been implicated in allergic response in patients receiving therapeutic antibodies.     

The effect of local bending on gating of MscL using a representative volume element and finite element simulation

Many physiological processes such as cell division, endocytosis and exocytosis cause severe local curvature of the cell membrane. Local curvature has been shown experimentally to modulate numerous mechanosensitive (MS) ion channels. In order to quantify the effects of local curvature we introduced a coarse grain representative volume element for the bacterial mechanosensitive ion channel of large conductance (MscL) using continuum elasticity. Our model is designed to be consistent with the channel conformation in the closed and open states to capture its major continuum rheological behavior in response to the local membrane curvature. Herein we show that change in the local curvature of the lipid bilayer can modulate MscL activity considerably by changing both bilayer thickness and lateral pressure profile. Intriguingly, although bending in any direction results in almost the same free-energy cost, inward (cytoplasmic) bending favors channel opening, whereas outward (periplasmic) bending facilitates closing of the narrowest part of the MscL pore. This quantitative study using MscL as a model channel may have wide reaching consequences for the effect of local curvature on the physiological function of other types of prokaryotic and eukaryotic membrane proteins.     

Antibody Profiling by Proteome Microarray with Multiplex Isotype Detection Reveals Overlap between Human and Aotus nancymaae Controlled Malaria Infections

The development of vaccines against malaria and serodiagnostic tests for detecting recent exposure requires tools for antigen discovery and suitable animal models. The protein microarray is a high‐throughput, sample sparing technique, with applications in infectious disease research, clinical diagnostics, epidemiology, and vaccine development. We recently demonstrated Qdot‐based indirect immunofluorescence together with portable optical imager ArrayCAM using single isotype detection could replicate data using the conventional laser confocal scanner system. We developed a multiplexing protocol for simultaneous detection of IgG, IgA, and IgM and compared samples from a controlled human malaria infection model with those from controlled malaria infections of Aotus nancymaae, a widely used non‐human primate model of human malaria. IgG profiles showed the highest concordance in number of reactive antigens; thus, of the 139 antigens recognized by human IgG antibody, 111 were also recognized by Aotus monkeys. Interestingly, IgA profiles were largely non‐overlapping. Finally, on the path toward wider deployment of the portable platform, we show excellent correlations between array data obtained in five independent laboratories around the United States using the multiplexing protocol (R²: 0.60–0.92). This study supports the use of this platform for wider deployment, particularly in endemic areas where such a tool will have the greatest impact on global human health.     

Association mapping for soilborne pathogen resistance in synthetic hexaploid wheat

Soilborne pathogens such as cereal cyst nematode (CCN; Heterodera avenae) and root lesion nematode (Pratylenchus neglectus; PN) cause substantial yield losses in the major cereal-growing regions of the world. Incorporating resistance into wheat cultivars and breeding lines is considered the most cost-effective control measure for reducing nematode populations. To identify loci with molecular markers linked to genes conferring resistance to these pathogens, we employed a genome-wide association approach in which 332 synthetic hexaploid wheat lines previously screened for resistance to CCN and PN were genotyped with 660 Diversity Arrays Technology (DArT) markers. Two sequence-tagged site markers reportedly linked to genes known to confer resistance to CCN were also included in the analysis. Using the mixed linear model corrected for population structure and familial relatedness (Q+K matrices), we were able to confirm previously reported quantitative trait loci (QTL) for resistance to CCN and PN in bi-parental crosses. In addition, we identified other significant markers located in chromosome regions where no CCN and PN resistance genes have been reported. Seventeen DArT marker loci were found to be significantly associated with CCN and twelve to PN resistance. The novel QTL on chromosomes 1D, 4D, 5B, 5D and 7D for resistance to CCN and 4A, 5B and 7B for resistance to PN are suggested to represent new sources of genes which could be deployed in further wheat improvement against these two important root diseases of wheat.     

Oral Samples as Non-Invasive Proxies for Assessing the Composition of the Rumen Microbial Community

Microbial community analysis was carried out on ruminal digesta obtained directly via rumen fistula and buccal fluid, regurgitated digesta (bolus) and faeces of dairy cattle to assess if non-invasive samples could be used as proxies for ruminal digesta. Samples were collected from five cows receiving grass silage based diets containing no additional lipid or four different lipid supplements in a 5 x 5 Latin square design. Extracted DNA was analysed by qPCR and by sequencing 16S and 18S rRNA genes or the fungal ITS1 amplicons. Faeces contained few protozoa, and bacterial, fungal and archaeal communities were substantially different to ruminal digesta. Buccal and bolus samples gave much more similar profiles to ruminal digesta, although fewer archaea were detected in buccal and bolus samples. Bolus samples overall were most similar to ruminal samples. The differences between both buccal and bolus samples and ruminal digesta were consistent across all treatments. It can be concluded that either proxy sample type could be used as a predictor of the rumen microbial community, thereby enabling more convenient large-scale animal sampling for phenotyping and possible use in future animal breeding programs aimed at selecting cattle with a lower environmental footprint.     

Targeting HAUSP in both p53 wildtype and p53-mutant tumors

Inhibition of Mdm2 function is a validated approach to restore p53 activity for cancer therapy; nevertheless, inhibitors of Mdm2 such as Nutlin-3 have certain limitations, suggesting that additional targets in this pathway need to be further elucidated. Our finding that the Herpesvirus-Associated Ubiquitin-Specific Protease (HAUSP, also called USP7) interacts with the p53/Mdm2 protein complex, was one of the first examples that deubiquitinases (DUBs) exhibit a specific role in regulating protein stability. Here, we show that inhibitors of HAUSP and Nutlin-3 can synergistically activate p53 function and induce p53-dependent apoptosis in human cancer cells. Notably, HAUSP can also target the N-Myc oncoprotein in a p53-independent manner. Moreover, newly synthesized HAUSP inhibitors are more potent than the commercially available inhibitors to suppress N-Myc activities in p53 mutant cells for growth suppression. Taken together, our study demonstrates the utility of HAUSP inhibitors to target cancers in both a p53-depdentent and -independent manner.     

Photobiomodulation of a flowable matrix in a human skin ex vivo model demonstrates energy‐based enhancement of engraftment integration and remodeling

The use of dermal substitutes to treat skin defects such as ulcers has shown promising results, suggesting a potential role for skin substitutes for treating acute and chronic wounds. One of the main drawbacks with the use of dermal substitutes is the length of time from engraftment to graft take, plus the risk of contamination and failure due to this prolonged integration. Therefore, the use of adjuvant energy‐based therapeutic modalities to augment and accelerate the rate of biointegration by dermal substitute engraftments is a desirable outcome. The photobiomodulation (PBM) therapy modulates the repair process, by stimulating cellular proliferation and angiogenesis. Here, we evaluated the effect of PBM on a collagen‐glycosaminoglycan flowable wound matrix (FWM) in an ex vivo human skin wound model. PBM resulted in accelerated rate of re‐epithelialization and organization of matrix as seen by structural arrangement of collagen fibers, and a subsequent increased expression of alpha‐smooth muscle actin (α‐SMA) and vascular endothelial growth factor A (VEGF‐A) leading to an overall improved healing process. The use of PBM promoted a beneficial effect on the rate of integration and healing of FWM. We therefore propose that the adjuvant use of PBM may have utility in enhancing engraftment and tissue repair and be of value in clinical practice.