全文获取类型
收费全文 | 2030篇 |
免费 | 145篇 |
国内免费 | 3篇 |
专业分类
2178篇 |
出版年
2023年 | 18篇 |
2022年 | 47篇 |
2021年 | 76篇 |
2020年 | 46篇 |
2019年 | 52篇 |
2018年 | 64篇 |
2017年 | 62篇 |
2016年 | 87篇 |
2015年 | 139篇 |
2014年 | 131篇 |
2013年 | 166篇 |
2012年 | 176篇 |
2011年 | 169篇 |
2010年 | 90篇 |
2009年 | 90篇 |
2008年 | 106篇 |
2007年 | 89篇 |
2006年 | 92篇 |
2005年 | 78篇 |
2004年 | 76篇 |
2003年 | 56篇 |
2002年 | 45篇 |
2001年 | 18篇 |
2000年 | 13篇 |
1999年 | 15篇 |
1998年 | 18篇 |
1997年 | 15篇 |
1996年 | 11篇 |
1995年 | 8篇 |
1994年 | 9篇 |
1993年 | 10篇 |
1992年 | 7篇 |
1991年 | 8篇 |
1990年 | 7篇 |
1989年 | 9篇 |
1988年 | 11篇 |
1987年 | 7篇 |
1985年 | 3篇 |
1984年 | 5篇 |
1983年 | 4篇 |
1981年 | 7篇 |
1980年 | 4篇 |
1975年 | 3篇 |
1974年 | 2篇 |
1971年 | 3篇 |
1968年 | 2篇 |
1967年 | 2篇 |
1958年 | 3篇 |
1957年 | 2篇 |
1952年 | 2篇 |
排序方式: 共有2178条查询结果,搜索用时 15 毫秒
101.
Velardez MO del Carmen Díaz M Lasaga M Franchi AM Duvilanski BH 《Hormone research》2003,60(3):111-115
OBJECTIVE: We investigated the effect of chronic estrogen treatment on the inhibitory action of nitric oxide (NO) on prolactin release. METHODS: The effect of NO on prolactin release was studied in anterior pituitaries of female Wistar rats, intact at random stages, ovariectomized (OVX), and OVX treated for 15 days with 17beta-estradiol (OVX-E(2)). RESULTS: Sodium nitroprusside (NP, 0.5 mM), a NO donor, inhibited prolactin release from anterior pituitaries and was able to stimulate cGMP synthesis in intact and OVX rats. Only a high, supraphysiological concentration of NP (2 mM) inhibited prolactin release from anterior pituitaries of OVX-E(2) rats and increased cGMP synthesis in OVX-E(2) rats. 8-Br-cGMP, a cGMP analogue, decreased prolactin release from anterior pituitaries of OVX rats but did not affect it in OVX-E(2) rats. CONCLUSION: Our results suggest that estrogen may modify the sensitivity of the anterior pituitary to the inhibitory effect of NO on prolactin release by affecting guanylyl cyclase activity and the cGMP pathway. 相似文献
102.
Santamaría A Flores-Escartín A Martínez JC Osorio L Galván-Arzate S Pedraza-Chaverrí J Chaverrí JP Maldonado PD Medina-Campos ON Jiménez-Capdeville ME Manjarrez J Ríos C 《Free radical biology & medicine》2003,35(4):418-427
Reactive oxygen species and oxidative stress are involved in quinolinic acid (QUIN)-induced neurotoxicity. QUIN, a N-methyl-D-aspartate receptor (NMDAr) agonist and prooxidant molecule, produces NMDAr overactivation, excitotoxic events, and direct reactive oxygen species formation. Copper is an essential metal exhibiting both modulatory effects on neuronal excitatory activity and antioxidant properties. To investigate whether this metal is able to counteract the neurotoxic and oxidative actions of QUIN, we administered copper (as CuSO(4)) intraperitoneally to rats (2.5, 5.0, 7.5, and 10.0 mg/kg) 30 min before the striatal infusion of 1 microliter of QUIN (240 nmol). A 5.0 mg/kg CuSO(4) dose significantly increased the copper content in the striatum, reduced the neurotoxicity measured both as circling behavior and striatal gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA) depletion, and blocked the oxidative injury evaluated as striatal lipid peroxidation (LP). In addition, copper reduced the QUIN-induced decreased striatal activity of Cu,Zn-dependent superoxide dismutase, and increased the ferroxidase activity of ceruloplasmin in cerebrospinal fluid from QUIN-treated rats. However, copper also produced significant increases of plasma lactate dehydrogenase activity and mortality at the highest doses employed (7.5 and 10.0 mg/kg). These results show that at low doses, copper exerts a protective effect on in vivo QUIN neurotoxicity. 相似文献
103.
Amitava Dasgupta Omar Yousef 《Journal of chromatography. B, Analytical technologies in the biomedical and life sciences》1998,705(2):1289
Mexiletine is an antiarrhythmic agent used in the treatment of ventricular arrhythmia. The drug has a narrow therapeutic window which necessitates monitoring its serum concentrations. We describe a gas chromatographic–mass spectrometric analysis of mexiletine using selected ion monitoring. Mexiletine was extracted from alkaline serum with dichloromethane and then derivatized with perfluorooctanoyl chloride. The derivatization reaction was completed in 20 min at 80°C. We used N-propylamphetamine as the internal standard. The ions monitored were m/z 122, 454 and 575 for the derivatized mexiletine and m/z 91, 118, 440 and 452 for the derivatized internal standard. The within-run precision at a serum mexiletine concentration of 1 mg/l was 1.9% (mean=0.98, S.D.=0.019 mg/l, n=7) and the between-run precision was 2.5% (mean=0.99, S.D.=0.025 mg/l, n=7). The assay was linear for serum mexiletine concentrations of 0.2 to 4 mg/l. The detection limit was 0.1 mg/l. The average recoveries of mexiletine and the internal standard were 80% and 84%, respectively at a mexiletine concentration of 1 mg/l. There was no carry over problem in our assay. We observed a good correlation between mexiletine concentrations measured by a reference laboratory (GC) and by our new GC–MS assay. 相似文献
104.
Omar Riah Philippe Courrière Jean-Claude Dousset Nathalie Todeschi Christian Labat 《Cellular and molecular neurobiology》1998,18(3):311-318
1. Nicotine and its main metabolite, cotinine, were reported to have distinct behavioral activities in mammals.2. In this study, cotinine was synthesized without detectable nicotine contamination to compare the ability of nicotine and cotinine to pass the blood–brain barrier (BBB)in rats.3. The alkaloids were extracted from plasma and brain tissues by methanol, identified by thin-layer chromatography, and quantified by high-pressure liquid chromatography and radioimmunoassays.4. Consistently, the three methods showed that the passage of cotinine was time, route of administration, and dose dependent and that nicotine was more efficient than cotinine to pass the BBB.5. The results suggest that these alkaloids may have central activities that probably result from their actions at distinct molecular levels. 相似文献
105.
Serra DO Lücking G Weiland F Schulz S Görg A Yantorno OM Ehling-Schulz M 《Proteomics》2008,8(23-24):4995-5010
Proteome analysis was combined with whole-cell metabolic fingerprinting to gain insight into the physiology of mature biofilm in Bordetella pertussis, the agent responsible for whooping cough. Recent reports indicate that B. pertussis adopts a sessile biofilm as a strategy to persistently colonize the human host. However, since research in the past mainly focused on the planktonic lifestyle of B. pertussis, knowledge on biofilm formation of this important human pathogen is still limited. Comparative studies were carried out by combining 2-DE and Fourier transform infrared (FT-IR) spectroscopy with multivariate statistical methods. These complementary approaches demonstrated that biofilm development has a distinctive impact on B. pertussis physiology. Results from MALDI-TOF/MS identification of proteins together with results from FT-IR spectroscopy revealed the biosynthesis of a putative acidic-type polysaccharide polymer as the most distinctive trait of B. pertussis life in a biofilm. Additionally, expression of proteins known to be involved in cellular regulatory circuits, cell attachment and virulence was altered in sessile cells, which strongly suggests a significant impact of biofilm development on B. pertussis pathogenesis. In summary, our work showed that the combination of proteomics and FT-IR spectroscopy with multivariate statistical analysis provides a powerful tool to gain further insight into bacterial lifestyles. 相似文献
106.
Omar S. Al-Attas 《Molecular and cellular biochemistry》1995,151(1):27-31
Insulin receptor binding was examined in the microvillous membranes of mid-term (20–22 weeks of gestation, MT) and full-term (FT) placentas from patients with gestational diabetes mellitus (GDM) and in normal pregnant control (N). Mid-term placentas were obtained from patients who have had spontaneous abortion. The maximum per cent specific binding (%SB) in MT placenta for GDM was significantly lower (4.8%) compared with the FT placenta (22%, p<0.001), while in the N group the maximum per cent specific binding for MT placenta was 14.1% compared with 26% for the FT placneta (p<0.001). Binding data from FT placenta of well-controlled GDM patients were similar with the FT placenta from N group (22%SB for GDM VS 26% SB for N). Even as there were similarities in the binding characteristics of FT placentas from both groups the placental membrane protein content in the GDM group was lower by 50% compared with the N control (2.5±0.11 VS 4.8±0.15 mg protein/g placenta respectively, p<0.001) suggesting that in the GDM group achieving a tight glycemic control could improve receptor affinities. Data from the competitive binding assay of GDM patients showed that the insulin necessary to achieve 50% inhibition (ID50) was significantly lower in MT compared with the FT placenta (0.9×10–9 M VS 3.8×10–9 M, p<0.001) but in the N placenta there was no alteration in the ID50 of MT and FT placentas (3.1×10–9 M VS 4×10–9 M, p<0.01, respectively). The present study demonstrated that in GDM the placental insulin receptor binding was significantly lower in spontaneously aborted placenta compared with placentas collected at full-term. Furthermore, these data suggest that the objective to achieve a tight glycemic control in GDM patients could optimize insulin receptor function similar to that of a normal pregnancy. Thus a full term placenta from GDM patients under a well managed glycemic control throughout the entire duration of pregnancy would result in an optimum insulin receptor function. 相似文献
107.
108.
109.
Nineteen Trypanosoma cruzi stocks, most of them of wild origin, and four Trypanosoma rangeli stocks from Colombia were analysed by molecular karyotype analysis with cloned DNA cruzipain as the probe. Another 27 cloned stocks of T. cruzi from different geographic areas of South America were used as reference for T. cruzi lineages. Phenetic analysis of chromosome size polymorphism demonstrated a great variability of Colombian T. cruzi stocks, suggesting that most belong to lineage I, although two of them belong to lineage II. The 2 lineage II T. cruzi, 17 T. cruzi lineage I, and 3 T. rangeli stocks from Colombia were studied further by Southern blot analysis with a panel of kinetoplast DNA minicircle probes. Hybridisation results indicate that the two T. cruzi II stocks are genetically distant from each other and from T. cruzi lineages IIb, IId, and IIe from Chile. Finally, T. cruzi minicircle probes do not cross-hybridise in any stringency condition tested with T. rangeli minicircles, a clear indication that these parasites can be easily distinguished by this method. 相似文献
110.
MA Abo-El Seoud MM Sarhan AE Omar MM Helal 《Archives Of Phytopathology And Plant Protection》2013,46(3):175-184
Essential oils of fennel, peppermint, caraway, eucalyptus, geranium and lemon were tested for their antimicrobial activities against some plant pathogenic micro-organisms (Fusarium oxysporum, Alternaria alternate, Penicilium italicum Penicilium digitatum and Botyritus cinerea). Essential oils of fennel, peppermint, caraway were selected as an active ingredient for the formulation of biocides due to their efficiency in controlling the tested micro-organisms. Successful emulsifiable concentrates (biocides) were prepared from these oils using different emulsifiers (Emulgator B.L.M. Tween20 and Tween80) and different fixed oils (sesame, olive, cotton and soybean oils). Physico-chemical properties of the formulated biocide (spontaneous emulsification, emulsion stability test, cold stability and heat stability tests as well as viscosity, surface tension and pH) were measured. The prepared biocides were ready to be tested for application in a future work as a safe pesticide against different pathogens. 相似文献