High Altitude Frogs (Rana kukonoris) Adopt a Diversified Bethedging Strategy in the Face of Environmental Unpredictability

Environmental unpredictability can influence strategies of maternal investment among eggs within a clutch. Models predict that breeding females should adopt a diversified bet-hedging strategy in unpredictable environments, but empirical field evidence from Asia is scarce. Here we tested this hypothesis by exploring spatial patterns in egg size along an altitudinal gradient in a frog species(Rana kukunoris) inhabiting the Tibetan Plateau. Within-clutch variability in egg size increased as the environment became variable(e.g., lower mean monthly temperature and mean monthly rainfall at higher altitudes), and populations in environments with more unpredictable rainfall produced eggs that were smaller and more variable in size. We provide support for a diversified bet-hedging strategy in high-altitude environments, which experience dynamic weather patterns and therefore are of unpredictable environmental quality. This strategy may be an adaptive response to lower environmental quality and higher unpredictable environmental variance. Such a strategy should increase the likelihood of breeding success and maximize maternal lifetime fitness by producing offspring that are adapted to current environmental conditions. We speculate that in high-altitude environments prone to physical disturbance, breeding females are unable to consistently produce the optimal egg size due to physiological constraints imposed by environmental conditions(e.g., duration of the active season, food availability). Species and populations whose breeding strategies are adapted to cope with uncertain environmental conditions by adjusting offspring size and therefore quality show a remarkable degree of ability to cope with future climatic changes.     

Monoclonal antibody as a probe for structure and function of an Escherichia coli outer membrane protein

Eight independently derived monoclonal antibodies directed against the LamB protein were produced and characterized. By using these antibodies as probes, we identified four distinct topological and functional regions in the LamB molecule. Four monoclonal antibodies recognize antigenic determinants of the protein exposed on the outer side of the membrane. Two of these have their binding sites located in a region involved in maltose transport. One monoclonal antibody presumably binds to a determinant which is normally hidden in the membrane and three monoclonal antibodies recognize determinants facing the periplasmic space.     

Effects of viral transformation on synthesis and secretion of collagen and fibronectin-like molecules by embryonic chick chondrocytes in culture

Monolayer cultures of chondrocytes isolated from 11-day-old chick embryo vertebral cartilage were transformed by Rous sarcoma virus, and the effects of transformation on synthesis and secretion of extracellular proteins by these cells were studied. Transformation resulted in decreased synthesis of type II collagen which did not appear to be due to underhydroxylation of collagenous protein but to a decrease in the total amount synthesized. Carboxymethyl-cellulose chromatography and polyacrylamide disc gel electrophoresis failed to demonstrate any alpha 2 chains as a result of the transformation, suggesting that conversion of type II to type I collagen did not occur. In contrast to the decrease in collagen synthesis, synthesis of a molecule with biochemical characteristics similar to fibronectin increased markedly in virally transformed cultures. Although there were no significant differences in the amount of fibronectin-like molecules in the cell layers of normal and transformed chondrocytes, a marked increase of these molecules in the culture media of the transformed cells was demonstrated. These findings were confirmed by experiments with temperature-sensitive mutants of the virus.     

State of aggregation of the (Ca2+ + Mg2+)-ATPase studied using saturation-transfer electron spin resonance

The state of aggregation of the (Ca2+ + Mg2+)-ATPase in the membrane of sarcoplasmic reticulum and in reconstituted membrane systems has been studied using saturation-transfer electron spin resonance (ST-ESR). Saturation-transfer ESR spectra show that in the sarcoplasmic reticulum, the ATPase is relatively free to rotate, with an effective rotational correlation time of approx. 33 microseconds at 4 degrees C, consistent with a monomeric or dimeric structure. The rate of rotation is observed to decrease with decreasing molar ratio of lipid to protein. In reconstituted systems, rotational motion of the ATPase on the millisecond time scale ceases when the lipids are in the gel phase. Addition of decavanadate, which causes the formation of crystalline arrays in negatively stained electron micrographs, results in only a small reduction in rotation rate for the ATPase in the membrane. The experiments are interpreted in terms of a short-lived (on the millisecond time scale) protein-protein interaction, with the formation of crystalline clusters of ATPase molecules which form and melt rapidly.     

Lipid content of terrestrial arthropods in relation to body size,phylogeny, ontogeny and sex

Energy storage in arthropods has important implications for survival and reproduction. The lipid content of 276 species of adult arthropods with wet mass in the range 0.2–6.13 g is determined to assess how lipid mass scales with body mass. The relative contribution of lipids to total body mass is investigated with respect to phylogeny, ontogeny and sex. The lipid content of adult insects, arachnids, and arthropods in general shows an isometric scaling relationship with respect to body mass (M) (M_{arthropod lipid} = ?1.09 ×M_dry^1.01 and M_{arthropod lipid} = ?1.00 ×M_lean^0.98). However, lipid allocation varies between arthropod taxa, as well as with sex and developmental stage within arthropod taxa. Female insects and arachnids generally have higher lipid contents than males, and larval holometabolous insects and juvenile arachnids have higher lipid contents than adults.