毛乌素沙地景观格局变化研究

通过对毛乌素沙地不同时期的景观分类和制图以及景观格局计算,分析了50年代到90年代毛乌素沙地景观动态与景观格局变化的特征和模式。研究表明,50年代以来,毛乌索沙地景观发生了巨大变化,流动沙地、半固定沙地面积大幅度增加,固定沙地面积迅速减少,农田面积明显增加,草原、柳湾和盐湿低地等面积显著减少。50年代时,整个景观以流动沙地和固定沙地占优势,而90年代,则以流动沙地占绝对优势。伴随着荒漠化的发展,各种景观要素类型之间相互转化,景观格局发生显著变化。固定沙地面积减少伴随着斑块的破碎化,大型斑块数量减少,小型斑块数量增加;流动沙地面积增加的同时,一方面,较小的斑块不断联合形成更多的大型斑块,另一方面,流动沙地不断向固定、半固定沙地内部渗透,形成更多的小型斑块,使整个景观更加破碎。不合理的人类活动是荒漠化扩展及景观格局发生显著变化的主要驱动因素。     

生态环境用水研究现状、问题分析与基本构架探索

生态学与水文学交叉研究是目前国际上前沿研究领域之一,生态环境用水研究则是连接生态过程与水文过程、刻画生态演化与水资源相互关系的核心问题。对生态、环境用水产生与发展的基本过程进行了回顾,并根据对已有成果的综合分析提出了目前研究中存在的5方面主要问题。首先,生态用水尚需理论上的进一步升华,这一点突出体现在生态用水的概念与内涵表述上;其次,在生态用水研究中,缺乏合理的生态保护目标的建立,因而影响到了研究成果的实际应用价值;第三,目前的研究均是针对较大尺度所作的,不能在生态机理与物理机制上揭示生态用水规律,因此,不适于具体问题的深入分析,个别实验在由“点“尺度向生态用水计算的“面“尺度转换时缺乏基础,从而严重影响了研究成果的精度;第四,生态用水机理是生态用水研究中至为关键的工作,以往研究主要依据野外宏观观测资料来探讨,缺乏直接的实验依据;第五,没有涉及生态用水对生态系统稳定性、生态用水满足程度及其波动性对生态系统影响等方面,从而也使得研究成果的科学性受到影响。同时作者认为,中国工程院“中国可持续发展水资源研究报告“中的生态环境用水概念对我国地大物博,地质地貌与气候类型多样的特点给给予了更多的关注,故可以确定为全国性的生态环境用水概念。最后文章认为应当将生态用水与环境用水分别予以考虑,并给出了其新的概念构架。     

西藏冷杉原始林林隙对草本植物和灌木树种多样性的影响

研究了西藏东南部亚高山原始冷杉林林隙对草本植物和灌木树种多样性的影响．结果表明,西藏东南部亚高山原始冷杉林林隙与非林隙林分内草本植物和灌木树种的种类组成、数量、密度和物种多样性均存在较大的差异．由于林隙内光照条件的改善,草本植物和灌木树种更加丰富;林隙内有喜光的草本植物和灌木,也有耐荫性较强的草本植物和灌木,而非林隙林分内仅有耐荫和较耐荫的草本植物和灌木;大部分林隙内的草本植物和灌木树种的物种多样性和均匀度大于非林隙林分;林隙内与非林隙林分的群落相似系数较小,表明林隙与非林隙林分草本植物和灌木群落组成存在差异．林隙大小在174．2～562．2m^2之间,群落相似系数与林隙大小无明显关联．林隙促进了草本植物和灌木树种的繁衍,在维持藏东南亚高山原始冷杉林的物种多样性方面起着重要作用．     

西鄂尔多斯高原干旱荒漠灌木群落空间分布格局及其竞争关系分析

对西鄂尔多斯高原干旱荒漠中的四合木(Tetraena mongolica Maxim. )、霸王(Sarcozygium xanthoxylon Bunge)、白刺(Nitraria tangutorum Bobr. )和红砂[Reaumuria songarica (Pall. ) Maxim. ]优势群落(样方面积50 m×50 m)进行调查,并按土壤中根系分布深度(0～30、30～60、60～90和大于90 cm)将4种灌木分为4个灌木组,运用单变量函数g(t)、标记相关函数markcorr(t)和双变量函数g12(t)对4个灌木组内灌木的空间分布格局及竞争关系进行了研究.g(t)函数和markcorr(t)函数分析结果显示,4个灌木组内的灌木在0～25 m尺度上几乎都呈显著的随机分布,只有根系分布深度在地下0～30 cm的灌木在小于1 m的尺度上呈现均匀分布;除根系分布深度大于90 cm的灌木的标记在12～13 m尺度上呈现较显著的负相关关系外,在0～25 m尺度上每个灌木组间的标记都不相关,表明根系分布深度相似的灌木间无显著的排斥关系,灌木个体的大小不受周围灌木的影响.g12(t)函数分析结果显示,除根系分布深度为0～30与30～60 cm、30～60与60～90 cm的灌木组间分别在某一中小尺度上(3.0～3.5 m、小于1.5 m和7.0～7.5 m)呈现显著的正相关关系外,在0～25 m尺度内根系分布深度相邻的各灌木组间几乎无显著的相关关系,表明根系分布深度不同的灌木间并不互相影响.研究结果表明,在西鄂尔多斯高原干旱荒漠灌木群落中,具有不同生态学特性的灌木分别占据各自的土壤层,呈现出对土壤水分和养分的分层利用,不存在对资源的竞争.     

新生儿首次呼吸前后脐带动静脉血液氧和二氧化碳变化探索呼吸调控机制的初步报告I—血液氧和二氧化碳分压脐带动静脉差值的组间分析*

目的: 胎儿没有实际上的呼吸,新生儿出生后才开始呼吸,我们假设人的第一次呼吸主要是由于低氧而触发。本研究对流经主动脉体外周化学感受器后的脐带动脉血液氧分压（PuaO₂）变化规律和下限进行分析以探讨新生儿自主呼吸产生机制。方法: 选择签署知情同意书的正常分娩产妇数十例,仅14例新生儿在自主呼吸开始前成功完成脐带动脉或静脉置管。分别进行逐搏取血及顺序血气分析,计算血气指标的平均值、最高值和最低值,统计比较脐带动静脉的异同。结果: 在14例新生儿自主呼吸开始前完成采集脐带动脉（Pua）样本9例,脐带静脉（Puv）样本8例。就PO₂而言,所有9例PuaO₂随时间（心跳次数）呈逐渐降低倾向,直至在自主呼吸产生大约8~10次心跳后Pua挛缩、基本上无法取得足够的血样。PuaO₂平均值是（25.94±6.79,18.04~37.51）mmHg,最高值是（29.11±6.46,23.00~45.90）mmHg,最低值是（21.34±5.54,14.00~33.60）mmHg;但PuaCO₂变化趋势和规律则不够稳定,PuaCO₂平均值是（47.26 ±7.71） mmHg。PuvO₂随时间（心跳次数）虽也呈逐渐降低趋势,但多数还呈现随母亲呼吸节律的规律性交替升降的倾向,特别是母亲吸氧时。所有8例PuvO₂平均值是（53.35±21.35,32.56~100.73）mmHg,最高值是（90.38±48.44,43.40~153.00）mmHg,最低值是（36.96±14.90,24.80~73.80）mmHg;PuvCO₂平均值是（41.04±6.44)mmHg。虽然有着较大的个体差异,但 PuvO₂平均值、最高值和最低值均显著较PuaO₂高（P<0.05）;PuvCO₂虽略低于PuaCO₂,但无显著差异（P>0.05）。结论: 胎儿娩出为新生儿后自主呼吸前PuaO₂随时间（心跳次数）逐渐降低,在达到触发呼吸的阈值时诱发第一次吸气,从而开始自主呼吸。     

Rhodnius prolixus and Rhodnius robustus–like (Hemiptera, Reduviidae) wing asymmetry under controlled conditions of population density and feeding frequency

Habitat change in Rhodnius spp may represent an environmental challenge for the development of the species, particularly when feeding frequency and population density vary in nature. To estimate the effect of these variables in stability on development, the degree of directional asymmetry (DA) and fluctuating asymmetry (FA) in the wing size and shape of R. prolixus and R. robustus–like were measured under laboratory controlled conditions. DA and FA in wing size and shape were significant in both species, but their variation patterns showed both inter-specific and sexual dimorphic differences in FA of wing size and shape induced by nutrition stress. These results suggest different abilities of the genotypes and sexes of two sylvatic and domestic genotypes of Rhodnius to buffer these stress conditions. However, both species showed non-significant differences in the levels of FA between treatments that simulated sylvan vs domestic conditions, indicating that the developmental noise did not explain the variation in wing size and shape found in previous studies. Thus, this result confirm that the variation in wing size and shape in response to treatments constitute a plastic response of these genotypes to population density and feeding frequency.     

Polyhydroxyalkanoate accumulation in Streptomyces coelicolor affected by SCO7613 gene region

Polyhydroxyalkanoate (PHA) is stored as an important carbon and energy source in bacterial cells. For biomedical applications, gram-positive bacteria can be better sources of PHAs, since they lack outer membrane lipopolysaccharide. Although gram-positive Streptomyces coelicolor A3(2) has been indicated as a high potential PHA producer, pha C gene that encodes the key enzyme PHA synthase in the metabolic pathway is not determined in its genome. BLAST search results of the GenBank database argued that SCO7613 could specify a putative polyhydroxyalkanoate synthase (PhaC) responsible for PHA biosynthesis. Deduced amino acid sequence of SCO7613 showed the presence of conserved lipase box like sequence, ⁵⁵⁵GASAG⁵⁵⁹, in which serine residue was present as the active nucleophile. Present study describes deletion of putative S. coelicolor pha C gene via PCR dependent method. We showed that SCO7613 is not an essential gene in S. coelicolor and its deletion affected PHA accumulation negatively although it is not ceased. Transcomplementation abolished the mutant phenotype, demonstrating that the decrease in PHA resulted from the deletion of SCO7613.     

环境因子对豆科共生固氮影响的研究进展

环境因子的限制一直是豆科植物一根瘤菌共生固氮体系没有在农业生产中充分发挥作用的重要原因之一。目前,研究涉及的环境因子主要行水分、矿质营养元素、温度、重金属、钠盐、CO2、土壤类型以及pH等。水分胁迫会导致豆科植物根瘤减少和固氮效率低下;矿质元素方面,除氮磷钾外,微量死素对固氮影响也很明显;不适的温度会对豆科植物的结瘤固氮产生一定的限制;重金属能从不同方面直接和间接地影响共生同氮,寻找适合作尾矿先锋植物的豆科植物是当前的一个研究热点。本文除详细阐述了这方面开展的研究以外,还浅析了这方而研究目前国内外存在的一些主要问题和发展趋势。     

Defective phagocytosis and clearance of Pseudomonas aeruginosa in the lung following bone marrow transplantation

Bone marrow transplantation (BMT) is an important therapeutic option for a variety of malignant and nonmalignant disorders. Unfortunately, BMT recipients are at increased risk of infection, and in particular, pulmonary complications occur frequently. Although the risk of infection is greatest during the neutropenic period immediately following transplant, patients are still vulnerable to pulmonary infections even after neutrophil engraftment. We evaluated the risk of infection in this postengraftment period by using a well-established mouse BMT model. Seven days after syngeneic BMT, B6D2F(1) mice are no longer neutropenic, and by 3 wk, they demonstrate complete reconstitution of the peripheral blood. However, these mice remain more susceptible throughout 8 wk to infection after intratracheal administration of Pseudomonas aeruginosa; increased mortality in the P. aeruginosa-infected BMT mice correlates with increased bacterial burden in the lungs as well as increased systemic dissemination. This heightened susceptibility to infection was not secondary to a defect in inflammatory cell recruitment to the lung. The inability to clear P. aeruginosa in the lung correlated with reduced phagocytosis of the bacteria by alveolar macrophages (AMs), but not neutrophils, decreased production of TNF-alpha by AMs, and decreased levels of TNF-alpha and IFN-gamma in the bronchoalveolar lavage fluid following infection. Expression of the beta(2) integrins CD11a and CD11c was reduced on AMs from BMT mice compared with wild-type mice. Thus, despite restoration of peripheral blood count, phagocytic defects in the AMs of BMT mice persist and may contribute to the increased risk of infection seen in the postengraftment period.     

Generation of potent mouse monoclonal antibodies to self-proteins using T-cell epitope “tags”

Immunization of mice or rats with a "non-self" protein is a commonly used method to obtain monoclonal antibodies, and relies on the immune system''s ability to recognize the immunogen as foreign. Immunization of an antigen with 100% identity to the endogenous protein, however, will not elicit a robust immune response. To develop antibodies to mouse proteins, we focused on the potential for breaking such immune tolerance by genetically fusing two independent T-cell epitope-containing sequences (from tetanus toxin (TT) and diphtheria toxin fragment A (DTA)) to a mouse protein, mouse ST2 (mST2). Wild-type CD1 mice were immunized with three mST2 tagged proteins (Fc, TT and DTA) and the specific serum response was determined. Only in mice immunized with the T-cell epitope-containing antigens were specific mST2 serum responses detected; hybridomas generated from these mice secreted highly sequence-diverse IgGs that were capable of binding mST2 and inhibiting the interaction of mST2 with its ligand, mouse interleukin (IL)-33 (mIL-33). Of the hundreds of antibodies profiled, we identified five potent antibodies that were able to inhibit IL-33 induced IL-6 release in a mast cell assay; notably one such antibody was sufficiently potent to suppress IL-5 release and eosinophilia infiltration in an Alternaria alternata challenge mouse model of asthma. This study demonstrated, for the first time, that T-cell epitope-containing tags have the ability to break tolerance in wild-type mice to 100% conserved proteins, and it provides a compelling argument for the broader use of this approach to generate antibodies against any mouse protein or conserved ortholog.