全文获取类型
收费全文 | 4493篇 |
免费 | 195篇 |
国内免费 | 3篇 |
专业分类
4691篇 |
出版年
2023年 | 10篇 |
2022年 | 30篇 |
2021年 | 48篇 |
2020年 | 23篇 |
2019年 | 47篇 |
2018年 | 71篇 |
2017年 | 45篇 |
2016年 | 81篇 |
2015年 | 128篇 |
2014年 | 165篇 |
2013年 | 311篇 |
2012年 | 311篇 |
2011年 | 276篇 |
2010年 | 187篇 |
2009年 | 184篇 |
2008年 | 297篇 |
2007年 | 276篇 |
2006年 | 292篇 |
2005年 | 285篇 |
2004年 | 307篇 |
2003年 | 280篇 |
2002年 | 271篇 |
2001年 | 43篇 |
2000年 | 45篇 |
1999年 | 44篇 |
1998年 | 59篇 |
1997年 | 50篇 |
1996年 | 41篇 |
1995年 | 38篇 |
1994年 | 32篇 |
1993年 | 33篇 |
1992年 | 37篇 |
1991年 | 34篇 |
1990年 | 31篇 |
1989年 | 37篇 |
1988年 | 27篇 |
1987年 | 16篇 |
1986年 | 19篇 |
1985年 | 18篇 |
1984年 | 23篇 |
1983年 | 20篇 |
1982年 | 20篇 |
1981年 | 16篇 |
1980年 | 15篇 |
1979年 | 8篇 |
1978年 | 9篇 |
1977年 | 8篇 |
1976年 | 8篇 |
1975年 | 15篇 |
1973年 | 6篇 |
排序方式: 共有4691条查询结果,搜索用时 11 毫秒
31.
Efficiency of serum copper/zinc ratio for differential diagnosis of patients with and without lung cancer 总被引:1,自引:0,他引:1
Tsunehiro Oyama Koji Matsuno Toshihiro Kawamoto Tetsuya Mitsudomi Takayuki Shirakusa Yasushi Kodama 《Biological trace element research》1994,42(2):115-127
We examined serum copper (Cu), serum zinc (Zn), and the serum copper/zinc ratio (Cu/Zn) in 162 patients. All of them were
seen to have an abnormal shadow in the chest X-ray films, that is, 109 patients with lung cancer (LC) and 53 patients with
no lung cancer (NLC). The mean Cu and Cu/Zn in LC patients were significantly higher than those in NLC patients (p<0.05). In LC patients, Cu and Cu/Zn were higher and Zn was lower in advanced tumors than early ones. There was a significantly
clear relation between Cu or Cu/Zn and the tumor (T) stages. When the relative risk (RR) of LC was estimated, it was seen
that the higher Cu and Cu/Zn became, the higher RR became. Furthermore, we showed the sensitivity of the receiver operator
characteristic of the test (ROC) curve for Cu, Cu/Zn, and carcinoembryonic antigen (CEA) to diagnose LC, as explained in a
paragraph of methods.The determinations of Cu, Zn, and Cu/Zn are simple and inexpensive. They also appear to have a great diagnostic value in determining the local invasion of LC and as a screening test in the
high-risk patients for LC. 相似文献
32.
33.
Tanaka Osamu; Nakayama Yoshio; Emori Koji; Takeba Go; Beppu Toshio; Sugino Mamoru 《Plant & cell physiology》1994,35(1):73-78
Flower-inducing activity of lysine was examined in Lemna paucicostata151, a weakly responsive short-day plant, cultured on nitrogen-richmedium under long-day conditions (continuous light). Lemna paucicostata151 was homogenized in a solution of lysine and the homogenatewas centrifuged. The supernatant (lysine-containing extract)was added to nitrogen-rich medium after passage through a membranefilter to give various concentrations of lysine in the medium.Flowering was induced in plants grown for six days on mediumthat contained lysine at concentrations above 0.25 µM.In plants grown on medium that contained 1 µM lysine,a significant flowering response was observed on the fourthday of culture. However, the flower-inducing activity of lysinedisappeared when the lysine-containing extract was added tothe medium and the medium was then autoclaved, suggesting thatthe active principle is unstable to autoclaving. Among derivativesof lysine tested, lysine hydroxamate had the highest flower-inducingactivity and lysyl lysine had almost same activity as that oflysine. When added to the medium without homogenization withplant material, lysine and lysyl lysine had flower-inducingactivity but lysine hydroxamate did not induce flowering. (Received April 26, 1993; Accepted November 8, 1993) 相似文献
34.
Kivoshi Ohkawa Tae Hirakawa-Sakurai Kensuke Joh Tadashi Asakura Koji Takada Makoto Matsuda 《Neurochemical research》1994,19(10):1231-1235
Murine polyclonal antibody against purified bovine brain pyridoxal kinase (EC 2.7.1.35) was generated and showed cross-reactivity with rabbit brain pyridoxal kinase. This antibody was used to immunohistochemically examine the distribution of pyridoxal kinase in the rabbit brain. The cytoplasm of neuronal cells and neuroglial cells in the cerebral cortex, hippocampal region, brain nuclei and cerebellar cortex showed positive staining with various degrees of intensity. The neuronal cells and surrounding fibers in some brain nuclei, such as the area tegmentalis ventralis or the substantia nigra, showed intense staining. The neuronal cells of the hippocampal region showed somewhat weak reactivity, but some with intense reactivity were found sparsely distributed and positive staining fiber networks of a very low density were also observed. 相似文献
35.
Iwasaki Yasunaga Mae Tadahiko Fukazawa Chikafusa Makino Amane Ohira Koji Ojima Kunihiko 《Plant and Soil》1993,(1):211-214
Glutelin accumulation in the apical spikelet of the top primary branch (superior spikelet) and the second spikelet of the lowest secondary branch (inferior spikelet) of the ear of the rice plant (Oryza sativa L.) was characterized during grain filling.In the superior spikelet, the accumulation of dry matter and nitrogen started immediately after flowering and rapidly reached the maturation level by 20 days after heading (DAH). At 7 DAH, total RNA content had already reached its maximum level and glutelin mRNA content 70% of its maximum. The increase in glutelin mRNA was followed by a rapid increase in glutelin between 7 and 16 DAH.In the inferior spikelet dry matter, nitrogen and glutelin accumulation were low immediately after flowering and increased only after grain filling of the superior spikelet was almost complete. Total RNA and glutelin mRNA increased much later at slower rates than in the superior spikelet.It is very likely that the retardation of dry matter, total nitrogen and glutelin accumulation in the inferior spikelet is due to retardation of differentiation and development of endosperm tissue, and to glutelin gene expression in endosperm cells. It is suggested that the delayed development resulted from limited partitioning of nutrients to the inferior spikelet at the early stage of ripening. 相似文献
36.
Summary Secretion of invertase and inulinase produced by recombinant Saccharomyces cerevisiae cells were investigated under derepression conditions of GALI promoter. Secreted invertase mainly localized in the periplasmic space, but most of inulinase was found in the extracellular culture medium. This high level of extracellular secretion of inulinase was not dependent on the growth phase in which derepression of GALI promoter occurs. Our results indicate that the inulinase polypeptide itself may have a function for the protein secretion into the culture medium. 相似文献
37.
Laminin A, B1, and B2 Chain Gene Expression in Transected and Regenerating Nerves: Regulation by Axonal Signals 总被引:3,自引:0,他引:3
Manabu Doyu Gen Sobue Eishuku Ken Koji Kimata† Tamayuki Shinomura† Yoshihiko Yamada‡ Terunori Mitsuma Akira Takahashi 《Journal of neurochemistry》1993,60(2):543-551
Abstract: Laminin A, B1, and B2 chain mRNA levels in degenerating and regenerating mouse sciatic nerves were examined using northern blot analysis. In normal intact nerves, B1 and B2 mRNA steady-state levels were high, but when the nerves were crushed, the steady-state levels of B1 and B2 mRNA per milligram wet tissue weight of the distal segments of the nerves increased five- to eightfold over that of control levels as the total RNA and β-actin mRNA levels increased, suggesting that these increases were the consequence of Schwann cell proliferation after axotomy. When the steady-state levels of B1 and B2 mRNA were normalized as the ratio to total RNA or β-actin mRNA levels, however, they drastically decreased to about 20% of the normal nerve levels in the nerve segments distal to both the crush and transaction sites 1 day after injury. In the crushed nerves, B1 and B2 mRNA levels gradually increased as the regenerating nerves arrived at the distal segments and reestablished normal axon–Schwann cell contact, and then returned to normal levels on the 21 st day. In the transected nerves, where Schwann cells continued to be disconnected from axons, both B1 and B2 mRNA levels remained low. Cultured Schwann cells expressed detectable levels of B1 and B2 chain mRNA which significantly increased when the cells were cocultured with sensory neurons. However, mRNA for A chain was not detectable in the normal, axotomized nerves or in cultured Schwann cells. These data indicate that Schwann cells express laminin B1 and B2 chain mRNA that are up-regulated by axonal or neuronal contact, but they do not express A chain mRNA. 相似文献
38.
Kazumi Yamada Takashi Yamamoto Koji Akasaka Hiraku Shimada 《Development, growth & differentiation》1993,35(6):703-710
Eight restriction fragments (I–VIII) were prepared to cover a whole span of the enhancer region in the upstream of the Ars gene of the sea urchin, Hemicentrotus pulcherrimus , and their abilities to influence on the Ars gene expression were estimated by CAT assay. Only three fragments (III, IV and V) encompassing a 0.6 kb region between −2.8 kb and −2.2 kb stimulated CAT expression. By mobility shift assays, it was found that the Ars enhancer region is composed of multiple cis -acting elements that interact with nuclear proteins in a sequence-specific manner. Among them, two sequences, a G-string and a GATCTCCCC, were determined by DNA footprinting as sites of protein-DNA interaction. The DNA-binding factor prevalence changed ontogenically in three different patterns. Possible activation of DNA-binding proteins through their modification is discussed. 相似文献
39.
Takayoshi Yoshida Koji Yamamoto Masao Udo 《European journal of applied physiology and occupational physiology》1993,66(2):155-160
The purpose of the present study was to assess the relationship between the rapidity of increased gas exchange (i.e. oxygen uptake
) and increased cardiac output (
) during the transient phase following the onset of exercise. Five healthy male subjects performed multiple rest-exercise or light exercise (25 W)-exercise transitions on an electrically braked ergometer at exercise intensities of 50, 75, or 100 W for 6 min, respectively. Each transition was performed at least eight times for each load in random order. The
was obtained by a breath-by-breath method, and
was measured by an impedance method during normal breathing, using an ensemble average. On transitions from rest to exercise,
rapidly increased during phase I with time constants of 6.8–7.3 s. The
also showed a similar rapid increment with time constants of 6.0–6.8 s with an apparent increase in stroke volume (SV). In this phase I,
increased to about 29.7%–34.1% of the steady-state value and
increased to about 58.3%–87.0%. Thereafter, some 20 s after the onset of exercise a mono-exponential increase to steady-state occurred both in
and
with time constants of 26.7–32.3 and 23.7–34.4 s, respectively. The insignificant difference between
and
time constants in phase I and the abrupt increase in both
and SV at the onset of exercise from rest provided further evidence for a cardiodynamic contribution to
following the onset of exercise from rest. 相似文献
40.
A model for feature linking via collective oscillations in the primary visual cortex 总被引:2,自引:0,他引:2
Tsuyoshi Chawanya Toshio Aoyagi Ikuko Nishikawa Koji Okuda Yoshiki Kuramoto 《Biological cybernetics》1993,68(6):483-490
A neural network model for explaining experimentally observed neuronal responses in cat primary visual cortex is proposed. In our model, the basic functional unit is an orientation column which is represented by a large homogeneous population of neurons modeled as integrate-and-fire type excitable elements. The orientation column exhibits spontaneous collective oscillations in activity in response to suitable visual stimuli. Such oscillations are caused by mutual synchronization among the neurons within the column. Numerical simulation for various stimulus patterns shows that as a result of activity correlations between different columns, the amplitude and the phase of the oscillation in each column depend strongly on the global feature of the stimulus pattern. These results satisfactorily account for experimental observations. 相似文献