藕莲种质资源形态与农艺性状的遗传变异分析(英文)

藕莲是莲(Nelumbo nucifera Gaertn.ssp.nucifera)的3种类型之一,在我国作为水生蔬菜栽培的历史愈两千年。对国家种质资源圃中来自17个省和直辖市的68份藕莲资源的19个形态和农艺性状进行了观察,并对其遗传变异进行了分析。结果发现整藕重与主藕重、主藕长和第三节粗成极显著正相关。通径分析结果表明主藕重对整藕重的正向效应最高(0.982)。主成分分析结果显示前4个成分占总变异的77.33%。结果还显示对整藕重负效应最高的是主藕重/整藕重(-0.296)。聚类分析发现所有藕莲资源可分为5组。     

花莲种质资源形态性状多样性研究(英文)

对从国家种质资源圃中选取的40份花莲种质资源的19个形态性状进行了观察。结果发现花型、花瓣数、雌蕊是否瓣化、雌蕊瓣化程度和根茎颜色与花蕾形状呈显著正相关,其中花型、花瓣数和根茎颜色与花蕾形状呈极显著高度相关。通径分析表明现蕾期对花型有显著正向效应(0.552),其次是花瓣数(0.516)和根茎颜色(0.368)。与花型呈显著负相关的性状有花瓣长(-0.801)、现花期(-0.558)和叶宽(-0.451)。主成分分析显示前四个成分累计贡献率达65.68%。聚类分析将所有材料分为四组。     

克氏原螯虾在舟山群岛永久性静水水体中的分布及其影响因素

为了解克氏原螯虾在永久性静水水体(水库和池塘)中的分布及其影响因素和它对两栖动物多样性的影响,于2008年5—8月,利用样线法与目视遇测法以及网捕法,对舟山群岛中的8个岛屿(岱山、六横、秀山、佛渡、桃花、虾峙、册子和普陀山)上的86个水库和池塘中的克氏原螯虾分布和影响其分布的因素进行了调查,调查的因素包括外来种牛蛙(Rana catesbeiana)、水体的面积、最大水深、水体周边植被的覆盖率、鱼的出现率、人口足迹以及当地蛙的密度和物种多样性。结果表明:1)83.7%的研究水体(72/86)有克氏原螯虾的分布,克氏原螯虾和牛蛙共同分布的水体占53.5%;2)克氏原螯虾的密度在各个岛屿上的分布是不均匀的;3)基于信息标准(AICc)的最小满足模型(Minimum Adequate Model)显示,克氏原螯虾的分布与水体的最大水深和牛蛙的密度呈正相关,而与其他因素没有关系。克氏原螯虾的入侵对舟山群岛永久性静水水体蛙类物种多样性的直接影响可能不大,但由于克氏原螯虾是牛蛙的重要食物,它的分布可能潜在地助长外来种牛蛙的密度。     

Light-induced rapid absorption changes during photosynthesis. VII. Some reactions in sonicated chloroplasts

1. Spinach chloroplasts subjected to sonication show light-induced absorption changes at 700 mμ characteristic of the photooxidation of the chlorophyll component P700. The appearance of P700 absorption changes probably resulted from the release of plastocyanin thus interrupting the electron flow between pigment systems 1 and 2. The general features of the absorption-change transients are similar to those observed previously with digitonin-treated chloroplasts. The addition of 2 mM ascorbate or 10 μM 3-(3,4-dichlorophenyl)-1, 1-dimethylurea had practically no effect on either the magnitude or the dark decay of the transient absorption change.

2. Phenazine methosulfate (PMS) (in the presence or in the absence of ascorbate) reduction appeared to be coupled to P700 photooxidation, as shown by the corresponding transients at 430 and 388 mμ. The absorbance changes at these two wavelengths indicate that the amount of PMS photoreduced was equivalent to that of P700 photooxidized. Higher PMS concentrations accelerate the dark decay of the P700 signal. When PMS alone is present, anaerobiosis caused the dark decay to become more rapid than in the presence of ascorbate.

3. Unlike PMS, other redox agents such as 2,6-dichlorophenolindophenol, N,N,N′,N′-tetramethyl-p-phenylenediamine or diaminodurol in the presence of excess ascorbate, did not noticeably affect the kinetics of the dark decay at 430 or 703 mμ, suggesting that these reduced species are not efficiently coupled to photooxidized P700.

4. The onset and decay rates of the P700 transient in the presence of PMS and excess ascorbate was insensitive to temperature between 25° and o°. However, when the chloroplast sample was frozen at temperatures ranging from −5° to −196°, all reactions ceased. When the frozen (−196°) sample was brought back to the room temperature, the reaction was restored completely. Fresh broken chloroplasts behave similarly. Digitonin-treated chloroplasts persisted down to about −25° but with diminishing magnitude and slower decay.     

天花粉蛋白诱发白血病细胞K562凋亡的研究

天花粉蛋白(Trichosanthin,TCS),是一种从栝楼块根内提取的核糖体失活蛋白,具有流产、抗肿瘤和抗HIV等多种生物活性。本文利用FACS检测到天花粉蛋白可使K562白血病细胞产生明显的凋亡小峰、DNA区带电泳成典型的“梯状”条带,电镜检测可观察到明显的细胞凋亡形态。这些结果表明天花粉蛋白可以诱发K562白血病细胞产生凋亡。     

The significance of clutch overlap in Great Tits Parus major

We studied the effects of manipulation of the size of first broods in the Great Tit Parus major on the size and breeding success of second clutches and its relation to the degree of clutch overlap. The rearing of first brood fledglings always overlapped with the laying of the second clutch and in most cases also with the incubation period of the latter. The degree of clutch overlap depended on the size of the first brood, being less when the first brood was large. Clutch overlap also increased with season. Mechanisms affecting the timing of laying of second clutches are discussed. A large first brood imposed reproductive costs. It affected the size of the second clutch by causing it to be delayed; second clutch size decreases with season. It affected the post-fledging survival of second brood young as, in this population, this decreases with fledging date. The breeding success of second clutches was, however, not affected by the size of the first brood, but instead by the weight of the female when rearing the first brood.     

The tomato Cf-9 disease resistance gene functions in tobacco and potato to confer responsiveness to the fungal avirulence gene product avr 9

The Cf-9 gene encodes an extracytoplasmic leucine-rich repeat protein that confers resistance in tomato to races of the fungus Cladosporium fulvum that express the corresponding avirulence gene Avr 9. We investigated whether the genomic Cf-9 gene functions in potato and tobacco. Transgenic tobacco and potato plants carrying Cf-9 exhibit a rapid hypersensitive cell death response (HR) to Avr 9 peptide injection. Cf 9 tobacco plants were reciprocally crossed to Avr 9-producing tobacco. A developmentally regulated seedling lethal phenotype occurred in F1 progeny when Cf9 was used as the male parent and Avr 9 as the female parent. However, when Cf9 was inherited in the maternal tissue and a heterozygous Avr 9 plant was used as the pollen donor, a much earlier reaction was caused, leading to no germination of any F1 seed. Detailed analysis of the Avr 9-induced responses in Cf 9 tobacco leaves revealed that (1) most mesophyll cells died within 3 hr (compared with 12 to 16 hr in tomato); (2) the macroscopic HR was visible at an Avr 9 titer five times lower than that which caused visible symptoms in tomato; (3) the HR invariably extended into noninjected panels of the tobacco leaf; (4) no HR occurred in leaves of young tobacco plants; (5) in older plants, the HR was dramatically enhanced by sequential Avr 9 challenges; and (6) coexpression of a salicylate hydroxylase transgene (nahG) from Pseudomonas putida reduced the severity of the macroscopic leaf HR and also restored germination to Cf 9 x 35S:Avr 9 F1 seedlings. Simultaneous introduction of Cf-9 homologs (Hcr 9-9 genes A and B or D) along with the native Cf-9 gene did not alter the responses that were specifically induced by Avr 9. Various ways to use the Cf-9-Avr 9 gene combination to engineer broad-spectrum disease resistance in several solanaceous species are discussed.     

天花粉蛋白R122G突变体的构建及活性研究

天花粉蛋白Ｒ１２２Ｇ突变体的构建及活性研究袁惠东１柯一保孔梅柯欣永夏其昌１张祖传１聂慧玲＊（中国科学院上海细胞生物学研究所,上海２０００３１;１中国科学院上海生物化学研究所,上海２０００３１）关键词天花粉蛋白;突变体;ＲＮＡＮ－糖苷酶天花粉蛋白（ｔｒ...     

Specific glycanforms of type IX collagen accumulate in embryonic chick sterna after 17 days of development

Type IX collagen is a key component of the extracellular matrix of cartilage where it occurs at the surfaces of type II collagen fibrils as a glycanated molecule. The function of the glycosaminoglycan (GAG) side chain of the molecule is, however, unknown. We have shown that type IX collagen in chicken sternal cartilage is synthesized with a unimodal distribution of GAG chain size, but at post 17 days of development three predominant glycanforms of type IX collagen accumulate. Such accumulation did not occur in sterna from day 15 embryos. In day 17 embryos predominant glycanforms were found in the caudal region of the sternum. By day 19 of development the three predominant glycanforms are widespread throughout the caudal and cephalic regions. The results indicate that developmental and anatomical changes occur to type IX collagen that depend on the size of the GAG chain attached to the alpha2(IX) chain of the molecule.      

β-烟酰胺单核苷酸的生理活性与合成研究进展

烟酰胺单核苷酸(nicotinamide mononucleotide,NMN)作为辅酶Ⅰ(即NAD+)的关键前体之一,广泛存在于多种生物中,β异构体为其活性形式。研究表明β-NMN在多种生理代谢过程中起关键作用,作为抗衰老、改善退行性疾病和代谢性疾病的潜在活性物质,β-NMN的应用价值被深度发掘,实现规模化生产迫在眉睫。生物合成法因其具有高立体结构选择性、反应条件温和、副产物少等优点,成为合成β-NMN的首选方法。本文综述了β-NMN的生理活性、化学合成法和生物合成法,其中重点介绍生物合成法中涉及到的代谢途径,旨在探索利用合成生物学优化β-NMN生产策略的潜力,为β-NMN的代谢途径研究与高效生产提供理论基础。