Egg mortality in the cedar processionary moth,Thaumetopoea bonjeani (Lepidoptera: Notodontidae), in an outbreak area of Algeria

The cedar processionary moth, Thaumetopoea bonjeani (Lepidoptera: Notodontidae), is one of the most serious pests of Cedrus atlantica in north-western Africa (Algeria and Morocco). We report on T. bonjeani egg mortality and the diversity and abundance of parasitoids associated with its eggs in the area of Djurdjura Mountain (Tala-Guilef, Algeria). For this goal, 223 egg batches were collected from C. atlantica over two cohorts (2012 and 2013). The average number of eggs per egg batch increased from 143 in 2012 to 171 in 2013, while the egg mortality decreased from 47.4% and 23.9%, respectively, possibly because of a dilution effect. The most important factors of egg mortality were parasitoids and predators, with hymenopteran egg parasitoids killing from 12.1% to 34.9%, and predators from 5.2% to 7.4% of the eggs. The pattern of egg parasitism was driven largely by Ooencyrtus pityocampae, accounting for about 94% of the total parasitoids, followed by Baryscapus servadeii and Trichogramma embryophagum. An hyperparasitoid Chartocerus sp. was collected for the first time from eggs of Thaumetopoea species. As the two major egg parasitoids are shared with the pine processionary moth Thaumetopoea pityocampa in the same area, it is likely that parasitoid abundance may depend on the occurrence of both hosts.     

Phylogeography of the marbled crab Pachygrapsus marmoratus (Decapoda,Grapsidae) along part of the African Mediterranean coast reveals genetic homogeneity across the Siculo-Tunisian Strait versus heterogeneity across the Gibraltar Strait

We investigate the influence of previously postulated biogeographic barriers in the Mediterranean Sea on the population genetic structure of a highly dispersive and continuously distributed coastal species. In particular, we examine nuclear and mitochondrial genetic variation in the marbled crab, Pachygrapsus marmoratus, across part of the African Mediterranean coast in order to assess the influence of the Siculo-Tunisian Strait on its population genetic structure. Four polymorphic microsatellite loci were genotyped for 110 individuals, collected from eight locations covering parts of the Algerian, Tunisian and Libyan coasts. In addition, mtDNA corresponding to the Cox1 gene was sequenced for 80 samples. The corresponding results show contrasting patterns of genetic differentiation. While mtDNA results revealed a homogeneous haplotype composition in our study area, microsatellite data depicted genetic differentiation among populations, but not associated with any geographic barrier. This pattern, already recorded for this species from different geographic regions, may hint at the involvement of a complex series of abiotic and biotic factors in determining genetic structure. Demographic history reconstruction, inferred from mtDNA data, supports demographic and spatial expansion for the North African metapopulation dating back to the Mid-Pleistocene and following an historical bottleneck. Comparison of these African mitochondrial sequences with new sequences from a Turkish population and previously published sequences revealed a weak but significant separation of Atlantic and Mediterranean populations across the Gibraltar Strait, which was not recorded in previous studies of this grapsid species.     

Metabolite profiling and assessment of metabolome compartmentation of soybean leaves using non-aqueous fractionation and GC-MS analysis

In the present study, non-aqueous fractionation (NAQF) and GC-MS were used to obtain a spatially resolved view of metabolism in mature leaves of soybean (Glycine max Merr.). NAQF of lyophilized soybean leaves was performed using CCl₄-n-heptane and ultracentrifugation that yielded a gradient comprised of six fractions. Chlorophyll content, and marker enzyme activities, phosphoenolpyruvate carboxylase (PEPC) and α-mannosidase, were utilized as stroma, cytosol and vacuole markers, respectively. GC-MS analyses of each fraction resulted in the identification of around 100 different metabolites. The distribution of these identified compounds showed a decreasing order from the vacuole to cytosol to chloroplast stroma. In other words, a greater number of identified compounds were found in the vacuole when compared to the cytosol or stroma. Levels of sugars, organic acids and fatty acids showed greater relative abundances in the vacuole with 50, 55, and 50% of the respective pools. A greater relative abundance of amino acids was observed in the cytosol where 45% of the total of amino acids content was recorded. The relatively large pool of sugars and phenolic acids in the vacuole compartment implies high levels of starch metabolism and phenylpropanoid biosynthesis. The low amino acids pool, on the other hand, suggests low nitrogen accumulation in the leaves of soybean. Hierarchical cluster analysis on the most abundant metabolites revealed three clusters containing 10, 20, and 2 of the 32 selected metabolites. The data were discussed in term of NAQF and GC-MS analysis of soybean mature leaves, and also in term of distribution and compartmentation of metabolites at subcellular levels.     

AlCl3 induced (hetero)arylation of 2,3-dichloroquinoxaline: a one-pot synthesis of mono/disubstituted quinoxalines as potential antitubercular agents

A direct and single-step method has been developed for the synthesis of mono and 2,3-disubstituted quinoxalines by using a AlCl(3) induced (hetero)arylation of 2,3-dichloroquinoxaline. Both symmetrical and unsymmetrical 2,3-disubstituted quinoxalines can be prepared conveniently by using this method under appropriate reaction conditions. The reaction proceeds via C-C bond formation and can be utilized for the preparation of a variety of quinoxaline derivatives from readily available starting materials and reagents. The molecular structure of a representative compound was confirmed by single crystal X-ray diffraction study. Some of the compounds synthesized were tested for chorismate mutase inhibitory properties in vitro and one compound showed promising activity representing one of the few examples of chorismate mutase inhibition by a heteroarene based small molecule.     

Genetic diversity of different Tunisian fig (Ficuscarica L.) collections revealed by RAPD fingerprints

The genetic diversity in Tunisian fig (Ficus carica L.) was studied using RAPD markers. Thirty-five fig cultivars originating from diverse geographical areas and belonging to three collections were analysed. Random decamer primers were screened to assess their ability to detect polymorphisms in this crop. Forty-four RAPD markers were revealed and used to survey the genetic diversity and to detect cases of mislabelling. As a result, considerable genetic diversity was detected among the studied F. carica accessions. The relationships among the 35 varieties were studied by cluster analysis. The dendrogram showed two main groups composed of cultivars with similar geographic origin. Moreover, the male accessions (caprifigs) were clustered indistinctively within the female ones, suggesting a narrow genetic diversity among these accessions. Our data proved that RAPD markers are useful for germplasm discrimination as well as for investigation of patterns of variation in fig. Since this designed procedure has permitted to establish a molecular database of the reference collections, the opportunity of this study is discussed in relation to the improvement and rational management of fig germplasm.     

Mixed S/N and S/P/N ligands from carbohydrates: Synthesis and application in palladium-catalyzed allylic alkylation

A modular synthetic approach to bidentate and tridentate imino-thioglycoside ligands is reported. In only 5 steps from the known glucosamine derivative 1, a conveniently functionalized thioglycoside 5 is obtained, which after imination afforded the desired ligands in excellent yields. The tridentate phosphine imine thioglycoside ligand 10 was found to be a highly efficient catalyst precursor for palladium-(0)-catalysed asymmetric alkylation of 1,3-diphenylpropenylacetate (8) with dimethyl malonate. The study of a Pd(II) complex shows that there is an efficient stereochemical control of the sulfur configuration upon coordination to the palladium.     

Y a t-il encore de la place pour la scintigraphie conventionnelle aux récepteurs de la somatostatine dans les tumeurs carcinoïdes à l’ère de la TEP ?

Our aim is to discuss, based on literature data, whether or not there is still a place for conventional somatostatin receptor scintigraphy (C-SRS) in the exploration of carcinoid tumours (CT) in the era of PET.MethodsBibliography was obtained by an interrogation of database: PubMed and Cochrane for the last 10 years. Keywords used were “neuroendocrine tumors”, “carcinoid tumors”, “pentetreotide”, “somatostatin”, “gallium-68” and “indium-111”.ResultsC-SRS visualized local or distant metastasis, with a sensitivity reaching 90% when size lesion is greater than 1 cm. It was more sensitive than morphologic exams in the detection of the primary lesion as well as the metastases and recurrent lesions. C-SRS had modified the therapeutic strategy in 21 to 53% of patients. It had determined resecability criteria and had predicted somatostatin analogue treatment efficiency. Furthermore, C-SRS was very useful in the follow-up of these tumours, mainly in the early detection of postoperative residues and recurrence. Recently, ⁶⁸Ga-DOTA-TOC PET had been used in some centers. According to many authors, it was superior to C-SRS for the detection of CT localization in the lung and skeleton and was similar for the detection of CT localization in liver and brain. According to these authors, ⁶⁸Ga-DOTA-TOC PET had evidenced lesions than C-SRS; nevertheless, there is always a global similar sensitivity in carcinoid tumours.Conclusion⁶⁸Ga-DOTA-TOC PET is surely more advantageous in guiding clinical management and follow-up, yet this imaging modality is expensive and not widespread. Nevertheless, C-SRS, which is cheaper, is an accurate technique in carcinoid tumours. Furthermore, if C-SRS proves negative, ⁶⁸Ga-DOTA-TOC PET should be indicated.     

First record and biology of Unio gibbus Spengler, 1793 in Tunisia

In the framework of a recent review of the systematics and global diversity of the freshwater mussel species in Tunisia, the species Unio gibbus Spengler, 1793 has been recorded for the first time. This overlooked Unio species inhabits several rivers in North of Tunisia, Northwest Morocco and Southwest Spain. Shell characters were examined in adult and juvenile specimens from several North Tunisian rivers. The glochidia is conic, to elongate triangular, intermediate between glochidia shapes in Unio and Anodonta. The hook is triangular, with large basis. The entire internal cavity of the external demibranchs (homogeneity) acted as a marsupium (ectobranchy). The favourable water temperature at the end of fall in Tunisia involves the apparition of a high number of gravid female in winter, which minimizes the fertilization of the eggs and the larvae release. Moreover, the drying of an important part of the mussel’s habitats in summer involves a mortality of a high number of specimens each year and threatens severely the populations. May and June constituted the most favourable period for reproduction.