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31.
Molecular requirements for T cell activation by the staphylococcal toxic shock syndrome toxin-1 总被引:6,自引:0,他引:6
S D Norton P M Schlievert R P Novick M K Jenkins 《Journal of immunology (Baltimore, Md. : 1950)》1990,144(6):2089-2095
The activation of Ag-specific, Ia molecule-restricted, TCR V beta 3+ T cell clones by staphylococcal toxic shock syndrome toxin-1 (TSST-1), was investigated. The results show that although Ag- and TSST-1-induced activation of T cell clones both require TCR expression and similar biologic activation signals, the Ia molecule requirement for TSST-1 recognition was much less stringent than that observed for antigenic peptide recognition. In addition, T cell clones recognized TSST-1 without processing by APC. These results suggest that the ability of TSST-1 to polyclonally activate T cells is dependent on TCR recognition of the intact toxin molecule bound to a nonpolymorphic region(s) of the Ia molecule resulting in the same activation events induced by Ag recognition. 相似文献
32.
Presence of glyoxalase II in mitochondria from spinach leaves: comparison with the enzyme from cytosol 总被引:1,自引:0,他引:1
V Talesa G Rosi S Contenti C Mangiabene M Lupattelli S J Norton E Giovannini G B Principato 《Biochemistry international》1990,22(6):1115-1120
Glyoxalase II has been purified from cytosol and mitochondria of spinach leaves. Electrophoresis and isoelectric focussing have resolved cytosolic and mitochondrial glyoxalase II in multiple forms: pl 5.3, 5.8 and 6.2 (cytosol) and pl 4.8 (mitochondria). The enzyme of both localizations is a monomer showing a relative molecular mass of about 26 kDa. The values of kinetic constants using several glutathione thiolesters as substrates, are similar for the enzymes from cytosol and mitochondria. These results extend also to plant the presence in mitochondria of peculiar forms of glyoxalase II, likewise recently demonstrated in mammalians. 相似文献
33.
34.
Polypyrimidine tract sequences direct selection of alternative branch sites and influence protein binding. 总被引:15,自引:3,他引:12 下载免费PDF全文
P A Norton 《Nucleic acids research》1994,22(19):3854-3860
IVS1, an intron derived from the rat fibronectin gene, is spliced inefficiently in vitro, involving the use of three alternative branch sites. Mutation of one branch point site, BP3, so as to increase complementarity to U2 snRNA resulted in exclusive use of that site and improved splicing efficiency, indicating that the wild type BP3 site is one determinant of poor IVS1 splicing. Deletions within the polypyrimidine tract had a variable effect on splicing efficiency and altered the pattern of branch site usage. Selection of each branch site was influenced negatively by purine substitutions ca. 20 nucleotides downstream. It is proposed that all three IVS1 branch sites are pyrimidine tract-dependent. Pyrimidine tract deletions also influenced the crosslinking of PTB (the polypyrimidine tract-binding protein), hnRNP C, and splicing factor U2AF65. All three proteins bound preferentially to distinct regions within the polypyrimidine tract and thus are candidates for mediating pyrimidine tract-dependent branch site selection. The findings indicate the complexity of the IVS1 polypyrimidine tract and suggest a crucial role for this region in modulating branch site selection and IVS1 splicing. 相似文献
35.
H. Huang F. Dane J. D. Norton 《TAG. Theoretical and applied genetics. Theoretische und angewandte Genetik》1994,88(8):981-985
Allozyme genetic variability in three chestnut (Castanea) species was investigated using 19 loci from ten enzyme systems. G-tests of heterogeneity of isozymic allele distribution showed significant differences between the three species at 15 of the 19 loci, and between the 13 C. mollissima populations at 13 of the 19 loci examined. C. mollissima was found to possess a significantly-higher value of mean gene heterozygosity (H=0.3050±0.0419), the percentage of polymorphic loci (P=84.21%) and the average number of alleles per locus (A=2.05), than any other species in the Castanea section Eucastanon. When the genetic variability of populations of C. mollissima from four regions in China was investigated, the population from the Changjiang river region showed a markedly higher mean gene heterozygosity (H=0.3480±0.0436) than populations from the other regions. Genetic relationships among the four regions were assessed by Nei's genetic identity I and standard genetic distance D. An approximately-identical distance between the population from the Changjiang river region and populations from the three other regions was observed, while populations from the latter regions showed almost the same genetic distance from each other. These data, when considered with information existing prior to this study, contribute to an understanding of the possible origin and progenitor of the chestnut species. 相似文献
36.
L. C. Triarhou E. H. Stotz W. C. Low J. Norton B. Ghetti B. Landwehrmeyer J. M. Palacios J. R. Simon 《Neurochemical research》1994,19(11):1349-1358
The dopamine (DA) uptake system was investigated in the mesostriatal system of normal and weaver mutant mice, which lose mesencephalic DA neurons, as well as in weaver mutants with ventral mesencephalic grafts to the striatum. Assays of [3H]DA uptake in striatal synaptosomal fractions in vitro and autoradiography of [3H]mazindol binding in brain sections were carried out in wild-type mice (+/+) and in the two hemispheres of homozygous weaver mutants (wv/wv) that had received unilateral grafts of mesencephalic cell suspensions to the right side. Net [3H]DA uptake, expressed as pmol/mg-protein/2-min, was on the average 50.6 in the striatum of wild-type mice, 7.9 in the non-grafted, and 10.1 in the transplanted striatum of weaver mutants. [3]DA uptake in wild-type mice differed significantly from both the grafted and non-grafted weaver striata (P<0.001). Paired comparisons for [3H]DA uptake between right and left sides of recipient weaver mice showed a significant side effect (P<0.02), the right side being 28–38% higher than the left side [mean of all individual (R-L)/L values]. The results of amphetamine-induced turning behavior tests were compared with the biochemical findings. Mice with grafts to the right side rotated an average of 22 turns to the left and 7 turns to the right during the five one-minute sessions; the mean value L/(L+R) was 64%. A plot of (L-R) rotations against (R-L) [3H]DA uptake gave a correlation coefficient of 0.552 (P<0.05), indicating that animals with a strong rotational bias to the left tended to have higher [3H]DA on the right. Similarly, the animals that were used for [3H]mazindol binding autoradiographic studies displayed on the average 72% rotations to the left side. In the [3H]mazindol binding data, non-grafted weaver mutants showed the severest depletion relative to wild-type in the dorsomedial and dorsolateral caudate-putamen (86% and 87%, respectively). Mice with unilateral grafts to the right side showed an increase in [3H]mazindol binding signal in the transplanted side of 40–64% (depending on dorsoventral topography) over the contralateral, non-grafted side. These findings attest to the functional effects of the grafts at the anatomical, biochemical, and behavioral levels. The parallel measurements of motor performance and DA uptake in the same animals offers an index of behavioral recovery as a function of transmitter-related activity. Furthermore, by conducting measurements of the synaptosomal DA uptake in vitro and of the binding characteristics of mazindol in brain slices by autoradiography, one has the advantage of combining the anatomical resolution of uptake site visualization with a dynamic indicator of function for DA uptake in the nerve terminal.Special issue dedicated to Professor Sidney Ochs 相似文献
37.
The phylogeny of Greya Busck (Lepidoptera: Prodoxidae) was inferred from
nucleotide sequence variation across a 765-bp region in the cytochrome
oxidase I and II genes of the mitochondrial genome. Most parsimonious
relationships of 25 haplotypes from 16 Greya species and two outgroup
genera (Tetragma and Prodoxus) showed substantial congruence with the
species relationships indicated by morphological variation. Differences
between mitochondrial and morphological trees were found primarily in the
positions of two species, G. variabilis and G. pectinifera, and in the
branching order of the three major species groups in the genus. Conflicts
between the data sets were examined by comparing levels of homoplasy in
characters supporting alternative hypotheses. The phylogeny of Greya
species suggests that host-plant association at the family level and larval
feeding mode are conservative characters. Transition/transversion ratios
estimated by reconstruction of nucleotide substitutions on the phylogeny
had a range of 2.0-9.3, when different subsets of the phylogeny were used.
The decline of this ratio with the increase in maximum sequence divergence
among taxa indicates that transitions are masked by transversions along
deeper internodes or long branches of the phylogeny. Among transitions,
substitutions of A-->G and T-->C outnumbered their reciprocal
substitutions by 2-6 times, presumably because of the approximately 4:1
(77%) A+T-bias in nucleotide base composition. Of all transversions,
73%-80% were A<-->T substitutions, 85% of which occurred at third
positions of codons; these estimates did not decrease with an increase in
maximum sequence divergence of taxa included in the analysis. The high
frequency of A<-->T substitutions is either a reflection or an
explanation of the 92% A+T bias at third codon positions.
相似文献
38.
The complete sequence-specific assignment of resonances in the1H-NMR spectrum of the polypeptide neurotoxin III (Hm III) from the sea anemoneHeteractis macrodactylus is described. Comparison of the chemical shifts and pattern of NOEs for Hm III with those for the related toxin Hp III fromHeteractis paumotensis, which differs only in the substitution of Asn for Tyr at position 11, shows that the overall secondary and tertiary structures are conserved. The largest differences in chemical shift caused by the substitution at position 11 are observed for the NH resonances of Arg-13, Thr-14, Ala-15, Leu-17, and Cys-26. The CH resonances influenced most are those of ASP-6, Gly-9, Leu-17, and Glu-42, while the most affected CH resonances are from Leu-17, Glu-28, and Lys-32. The absence of long-range NOEs to the aromatic ring of Tyr-11 as well as the lack of significant chemical shift effects on residues outside the loop comprising residues 7–16 confirm that this part of the loop makes no long-lived contacts with the rest of the molecule. The deviations from random coil shifts of Hm III are compared with those of the related anemone toxins Hp II, Hp III, and toxin I fromStichodactyla helianthus (Sh I). The similarity in deviations in chemical shift as a function of sequence position for these four toxins emphasizes the overall structural homology among these polypeptides. 相似文献
39.
40.
Using an Australian focus to explore theoretical and policy issues of wider concern, this article examines linkages between public policy and the science of ecology. This is done within the broader framework of sustainability, emphasizing the problem of decision making in the face of uncertainty. Insights from the ecological, risk, sustainability and policy literatures are used. The sustainability-uncertainty problem is characterized, and the adequacy of existing policy support techniques and approaches noted, particularly the precautionary principle. The problem is further defined using the notion of ignorance. The treatment of ignorance and uncertainty in ecology is discussed. We suggest that the science of ecology has had a limited influence on policy formulation and discuss the basis of this using biodiversity conservation and ecosystem management as examples. We conclude by considering challenges for handling risk, uncertainty and ignorance in ecological science for policy formulation. We emphasize the need for improved communication between the science and policy communities, greater recognition of the limits of quantitative techniques in addressing uncertainty, and contingency planning. 相似文献