Acetylene reduction by nitrogen-fixing blue-green algae

Summary Known nitrogen-fixing species of blue-green algae are capable of reducing acetylene to ethylene, but acetylene is not reduced by Anacystis nidulans, which does not fix nitrogen. Cycad root nodules which contain blue-green algae as endophytes reduce acetylene. Acetylene reduction is inhibited by carbon monoxide. Nitrate or ammonium-nitrogen has no immediate effect on algae reducing acetylene, but algae grown on nitrate-nitrogen gradually lose their capacity to reduce acetylene. Nitrate-nitrogen also inhibits heterocyst formation in these algae and there is a fairly direct correlation between the abundance of heterocysts in a particular sample and its capacity to reduce acetylene. Aphanizomenon flosaquae reduces acetylene and fixes nitrogen in unialgal culture and there is strong presumptive evidence that these reductions are carried out by the alga rather than by associated bacteria. The molar ratios of ethylene: ammonia produced vary within the range 1.4–1.8.     

Phenotypic dissections of the Blastocladiella emersonii zoospore's developmental choice

A developmentally homogeneous neural crest cell population has been used to assay the role of environmental factors in regulating crest cell differentiation. If cultured on tissue culture plastic, virtually all of the cells of this population differentiate into melanocytes. In contrast, when these cells are cultured for 3 or more days on substrata “conditioned” by somite fibroblasts, the proportion of cells undergoing melanogenesis decreased and the proportion expressing formaldehyde-induced fluorescence (FIF), characteristic of catecholamine-containing cells, increased. For a limited period of culture on somite-conditioned substrata, some cells in the population exhibit both pigment granules and fluorescence. Collagen-coated substrata decreased the number of cells that formed pigment but did not stimulate FIF. In contrast, optimum doses of exogenous cellular fibronectin mimicked the effect of somite-conditioned substrata, suppressing melanogenesis and promoting FIF. Glycosaminoglycan-derivatized substrata (i.e., hyaluronic acid, various chondroitin sulfate preparations, and heparin) did not alter the differentiative homogeneity of the cultured crest cell populations. The choice and expression of phenotype by some members of a cultured crest cell population can, therefore, be affected by environmental stimuli provided in the form of certain substrate-attached macromolecules. We suggest that optimal concentrations of some extracellular matrix components produced by embryonic tissue and normally encountered by migrating crest cells may elicit the expression of FIF in crest cells that would otherwise follow a different developmental pathway.     

Resistance of Anhydrobiotic Aphelenchus avenae to Methyl Bromide Fumigation

The effect of methyl bromide (MB) was tested on active and anhydrobiotic Aphelenchus avenae. A. avenae was induced into anhydrobiosis by three different techniques. Both active and anhydrobiotic nematodes were subjected to 3,000 μ1 MB/liter air for 14 periods from 0 to 82 h. Anhydrobiotic nematodes were more resistant to fumigation than active nematodes, regardless of the technique used to induce anhydrobiosis. The percent survival decreased with increasing MB exposures (μ1 MB × h). For an LD₉₅ of 45,000-54,000 μ1/1 × h were required for active nematodes and >279,000 μ1/1 × h for anhydrobiotic nematodes.