The influence of day-length on imaginal diapause in the Red Locust, Nomadacris septemfasciata (Serv.)

The main permanent habitats of the Red Locust (Nomadacris septemfasciata (Serv.)) in tropical Africa lie between latitudes 7° and 9° S and between 10° and 16° N. Breeding is confined to the rainy season, which occurs during the longest days of the year in these areas. Both north and south of the equator, the adults emerge as day-length is diminishing and undergo a prolonged imaginal diapause until the next rainy season.When reared in the laboratory in London, adults which emerge in spring or early summer become sexually mature within two months; those which emerge in late summer and autumn, although kept at the same temperature and humidity, enter diapause and do not copulate or oviposit until the following spring. By controlling the length of the daily photoperiod, it has been shown that the seasonal differences in day-length are responsible for the onset of diapause. Constant short photoperiods usually induce a rather shorter diapause than photoperiods diminishing so as to simulate autumn day-length at this latitude (51.5° N). The critical constant photoperiod for the establishment of diapause lies between 12 and 13 hours which corresponds approximately to maximum and minimum day-lengths at 7° N or S. It is therefore possible that day-length is responsible for the establishment of the natural diapause.

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Resume On a déjà constaté que, quand on élève le criquet rouge, Nomadacris septemfasciata (Serv.), au laboratoire à Londres, les adultes, malgré le fait qu'on les retient dans une ambiance très constante, montrent de grandes différences saisonnières dans la durie du développement qui conduit à la maturité sexuelle. Les adultes qui émergent à partir du mois d'avril jusque'au mois de juillet deviennent matures sexuellement sans diapause en 11/2 à 2 mois; tandis que ceux qui émergent au début de l'automne, à partir de la mi-août approximativement jusqu'à la fin de septembre, ont une diapause prolongée de 7 à 8 mois; et ceux qui émergent encore plus tard dans l'année, du mois d'octobre jusqu'à mi-décembre, ont une diapause plus courte de 41/2 à 51/2 mois. Les périodes de maturation des adultes qui émergent à partir de janvier et plus tard, diminuent progressivement, en se fondant dans les groupes des non-diapause, qui commencent à émerger au début d'avril. Les expériences exposées dans cette thèse indiquent que les différences saisonnières de la longueur des jours, sont responsables des temps de maturation.Certains groupes de criquets, émergeant comme adultes vers la fin de l'été ou en automne, ont été soumis à des journées de longueur artificielle qui correspondait à la durée des jours de printems qui n'exerce son influence que sur la vie adulte, suffit à produire ce dans les délais semblables à ceux des groupes qui émergent au printemps. La longueur des jours de printemps qui n'excerce son influence que sur la vie adulte, suffit à produire ce résultat.Quelques larves étaient élevées simultanément dans les conditions d'une durée artificielle des jours du printemps, d'une durée artificielle des jours d'automne, et d'une lumière naturelle des jours d'été à Londres. Les adultes qui avaient émergé au mois de juin étaient ou maintenus dans le même régime de longueur de journée que les larves, ou transférés dans une des autres conditions. Tous les temps de maturation étaient appropriés aux saisons qui correspondaient au régime de durée du jour auquel les adultes étaient retenus, et il n'y avait nulle évidence qu'ils étaient influencés par la durée des jours pendant leur vie larvaire.Les groupes diapause, quand ils étaient soumis à la lumière normale du laboratoire, sont devenus matures, au printemps, au moment où les jours s'allongeaient. Pourtant la maturation n'est pas due à la stimulation causée par un accroissement de la longueur du jour, car on à observé qu'elle arrive en même temps si les criquets ne la subissent pas. Ceci est vrai également à l'égard des deux groupes, celui de longue diapause (qui émerge au début de l'automne) et celui de courte diapause (qui émerge vers la fin de l'automne); il s'ensuit que la diapause plus courte du dernier groupe n'est pas attribuable, comme il semblait probable, au fait qu'on l'avait exposé à la longueur des jours du printemps plus tôt dans la vie adulte. On a trouvé que ces groupes de la dernière partie de l'automne étaient devenus matures dans le même temps s'ils étaient retenus aux courtes photo-périodes constantes de 8 ou 11 heures, ou à la durée changeante des jours d'hiver. On a conclu qu'ils répondent comme à la durée de constants jours courts.Les groupes intermédaires (qui émergent à partir de janvier jusqu'a mars) d'autre part, sont exposés aux jours plus longs du printemps et de l'été encore plus tôt dans la vie adulte, et dans leur cas la diapause est empêchée, ou au moins abrégée, par les jours plus longs. Quand ces groupes sont retenus aux constantes photo-périodes courtes, ils deviennent matures plus lentement que s'ils étaient maintenus à la lumière du jour, et ils ont une diapause de la même longueur que les groupes de courte-diapause.On a conclu de ces résultats que, quand les groupes sont retenus dans conditions de jours-courts, les processus de maturation (manifestés par un accroissement du poids du corps, et par le développement de l'ovaire) sont repris à un certain stade indépendamment de la longueur du jour et sous l'action de stimuli internes. L'exposition aux conditions de jours longs n'est effective que pour accélérer la maturation si elle a lieu avant que ce stade soit atteint.L'observation que les adultes émergeant au début de l'automne ont une diapause plus longue que ceux qui émergent vers la fin de l'automne, reste sans explication. Ceux-là sont exposés à la durée de jours qui décroissent rapidement pendant la vie larvaire et du commencement de la vie adulte, et il semble probable que le changement propre des jours longs aux jours courts puisse amener une diapause plus longue que ne le feraient des jours courts dès le début. A présent, on étudie les effets de la variation de durée des jours.Les adultes retenus dans l'obscurité constante sont devenus matures sans diapause.La grande fluctuation de la longueur des jours, caractéristique de la latitude de Londres, n'est pas nécessaire pour induire les deux types de maturation diapause ou non-diapause. Les plus grandes différences de réponse aux photo-périodes constantes ont eu lieu entre les moyennes correspondant à peu près avec les minimum et maximum de longueurs de jour (y compris les périodes de crépuscule) dans les habitats tropicaux du criquet.Il est discuté ici de la probabilité que le cours de la diapause dans l'habitat tropical naturel soit influencé par la faible fluctuation des longueurs de jour de cet habitat.

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The author is Mrs O. W. Richards     

Single-flask synthesis of (C5H5)W(CO)3Cl from W(CO)6

(C₅H₅)W(CO)₃Cl has been prepared in >90% yield from W(CO)₆, cyclopentadiene, and CCl₄ in a single-flask synthesis involving the intermediates W(CO)₃(CH₃CN)₃ and (C₅H₅)W(CO)₃H.     

Seasonality of Rotifers and Temperature in Lough Neagh,N. Ireland

Long runs of seasonal rotifer population data allow analysis of seasonal occurrence using mathematical tools. The application of Fourier analysis to a 15 year dataset describes seasonality in simple mathematical terms. This facilitates comparison of population expression with potential population driving variables and provides a basic modelling tool. Results show that annual patterns of occurrence and density have linkages with annual maximum and minimum environmental temperature, although the exact relationships are not clear.     

Ability of static and statistical mechanics posturographic measures to distinguish between age and fall risk

Traditional posturographic analysis and four statistical mechanics techniques were applied to center-of-pressure (COP) trajectories of young, older "low-fall-risk" and older "high-fall-risk" individuals. Low-fall-risk older adults were active 3 days per week in a cardiac rehabilitation program, while high-fall-risk older adults were diagnosed with perilymph fistula. Subjects diagnosed with perilymph fistula must have experienced two of the following vestibular findings: constant disequilibrium, positional vertigo and/or a positive fistula test. Non-parametric statistical tests were used to determine whether the posturographic measures could detect differences between the young and older "low-fall-risk" groups (age comparison) and between the older "low-" and "high-risk" groups (risk of falling comparison). The statistical mechanics techniques were more sensitive than the traditional measures: detecting significant differences between the young and older "low-risk" groups, while none of the traditional measures were significantly different. In addition, interpretation of the statistical mechanics techniques may offer more insight into the nature of the process controlling the COP trajectories. However, the methods offered slightly different explanations. For instance, the Hurst rescaled range analysis suggests that the movement of the COP is governed solely by anti-persistent behavior, whereas the stabilogram diffusion analysis suggests a short-term persistence balanced by a long-term anti-persistence. These discrepancies highlight the need for a model that incorporates the biological systems responsible for maintaining balance and experimental methods to directly quantify their status and roles. Until such a model exists, however, the statistical mechanics techniques appear to have some advantages over traditional posturographic measures for studying balance control.     

A novel mass spectrometric assay for the cerebroside sulfate activator protein (saposin B) and arylsulfatase A

A mass spectrometric method is described for monitoring cerebrosides in the presence of excess concentrations of alkali metal salts. This method has been adapted for use in the assay of arylsulfatase A (ASA) and the cerebroside sulfate activator protein (CSAct or saposin B). Detection of the neutral glycosphingolipid cerebroside product was achieved via enhancement of ionization efficiency in the presence of lithium ions. Assay samples were extracted into the chloroform phase as for the existing assays, dried, and diluted in methanol-chloroform-containing lithium chloride. Samples were analyzed by electrospray ionization mass spectrometry with a triple quadrupole mass spectrometer in the multiple reaction monitoring tandem mass spectrometric mode. The assay has been used to demonstrate several previously unknown or ambiguous aspects of the coupled ASA/CSAct reaction, including an absolute in vitro preference for CSAct over the other saposins (A, C, and D) and a preference for the non-hydroxylated species of the sulfatide substrate over the corresponding hydroxylated species. The modified assay for the coupled ASA/CSAct reaction could find applicability in settings in which the assay could not be performed previously because of the need for radiolabeled substrate, which is now not required.     

Metabolic biotinylation as a probe of supramolecular structure of the triad junction in skeletal muscle

Excitation-contraction coupling in skeletal muscle involves conformational coupling between dihydropyridine receptors (DHPRs) in the plasma membrane and ryanodine receptors (RyRs) in the sarcoplasmic reticulum. However, it remains uncertain what regions, if any, of the two proteins interact with one another. Toward this end, it would be valuable to know the spatial interrelationships of DHPRs and RyRs within plasma membrane/sarcoplasmic reticulum junctions. Here we describe a new approach based on metabolic incorporation of biotin into targeted sites of the DHPR. To accomplish this, cDNAs were constructed with a biotin acceptor domain (BAD) fused to selected sites of the DHPR, with fluorescent protein (XFP) attached at a second site. All of the BAD-tagged constructs properly targeted to junctions (as indicted by small puncta of XFP) and were functional for excitation-contraction coupling. To determine whether the introduced BAD was biotinylated and accessible to avidin (approximately 60 kDa), myotubes were fixed, permeablized, and exposed to fluorescently labeled avidin. Upon expression in beta1-null or dysgenic (alpha1S-null) myotubes, punctate avidin fluorescence co-localized with the XFP puncta for BAD attached to the beta1a N- or C-terminals, or the alpha1S N-terminal or II-III loop. However, BAD fused to the alpha1S C-terminal was inaccessible to avidin in dysgenic myotubes (containing RyR1). In contrast, this site was accessible to avidin when the identical construct was expressed in dyspedic myotubes lacking RyR1. These results indicate that avidin has access to a number of sites of the DHPR within fully assembled (RyR1-containing) junctions, but not to the alpha1S C-terminal, which appears to be occluded by the presence of RyR1.     

Association analysis of the plasminogen activator inhibitor-1 4G/5G polymorphism in Hispanics and African Americans: the IRAS family study

OBJECTIVE: Plasminogen activator inhibitor type-1 (PAI-1) plays a central role in fibrolysis and has recently been hypothesized to influence components of the insulin resistance syndrome. We consider whether the 4G/5G polymorphism influences components of insulin resistance and obesity solely through PAI-1 protein levels or also though a secondary pathway. In addition, we explore whether transforming growth factor (TGF-beta1), a key regulator of PAI-1 expression, modifies the influence of the PAI-1 4G/5G polymorphism on these traits. METHODS AND RESULTS: The Insulin Resistance and Atherosclerosis (IRAS) Family Study genotyped 287 African American (18 pedigrees) and 811 Hispanic American (45 pedigrees) individuals for the 4G/5G PAI-1 and two TGF-beta1 polymorphisms (R25P, C-509T). Individuals were recruited from three clinical centers located in San Antonio (urban Hispanic), San Luis Valley (rural Hispanic) and Los Angeles (African American). The presence of the 4G PAI-1 allele was positively associated with PAI-1 protein level (combined sample p < 0.0001). Hispanic Americans average 65% higher PAI-1 protein levels than African Americans (p < 0.0001). Consistently across ethnic groups, increased PAI-1 protein levels were associated with increased insulin resistance and overall and central obesity (p value < 0.0001, combined sample). Adjusting for PAI-1 protein levels, there was evidence of an association of PAI-1 genotype (4G) with insulin sensitivity (p < 0.002) and subcutaneous fat (p < 0.01). These associations were not influenced by TGF-beta1 genotypes. CONCLUSIONS: PAI-1 protein is a strong correlate of insulin resistance (IR) and obesity in Hispanics and African Americans. However, PAI-1 4G/5G polymorphism appears to influence insulin resistance and obesity beyond its direct influence on serum PAI-1 protein levels.     

Predicting the consequences of carry-over effects for migratory populations

Migratory animals present a unique challenge for predicting population size because they are influenced by events in multiple stages of the annual cycle that are separated by large geographic distances. Here, we develop a model that incorporates non-fatal carry-over effects to predict changes in population size and show how this can be integrated with predictive models of habitat loss and deterioration. Examples from Barn swallows, Greater snow geese and American redstarts show how carry-over effects can be estimated and integrated into the model. Incorporation of carry-over effects should increase the predictive power of models. However, the challenge for developing accurate predictions rests both on the ability to estimate parameters from multiple stages of the annual cycle and to understand how events between these periods interact to influence individual success.     

Reconstructing CNV genotypes using segregation analysis: combining pedigree information with CNV assay

Background

Repeated blocks of genome sequence have been shown to be associated with genetic diversity and disease risk in humans, and with phenotypic diversity in model organisms and domestic animals. Reliable tests are desirable to determine whether individuals are carriers of copy number variants associated with disease risk in humans and livestock, or associated with economically important traits in livestock. In some cases, copy number variants affect the phenotype through a dosage effect but in other cases, allele combinations have non-additive effects. In the latter cases, it has been difficult to develop tests because assays typically return an estimate of the sum of the copy number counts on the maternally and paternally inherited chromosome segments, and this sum does not uniquely determine the allele configuration. In this study, we show that there is an old solution to this new problem: segregation analysis, which has been used for many years to infer alleles in pedigreed populations.

Methods

Segregation analysis was used to estimate copy number alleles from assay data on simulated half-sib sheep populations. Copy number variation at the Agouti locus, known to be responsible for the recessive self-colour black phenotype, was used as a model for the simulation and an appropriate penetrance function was derived. The precision with which carriers and non-carriers of the undesirable single copy allele could be identified, was used to evaluate the method for various family sizes, assay strategies and assay accuracies.

Results

Using relationship data and segregation analysis, the probabilities of carrying the copy number alleles responsible for black or white fleece were estimated with much greater precision than by analyzing assay results for animals individually. The proportion of lambs correctly identified as non-carriers of the undesirable allele increased from 7% when the lambs were analysed alone to 80% when the lambs were analysed in half-sib families.

Conclusions

When a quantitative assay is used to estimate copy number alleles, segregation analysis of related individuals can greatly improve the precision of the estimates. Existing software for segregation analysis would require little if any change to accommodate the penetrance function for copy number assay data.