Floating Treatment Wetlands (FTWs) is an Innovative Approach for the Remediation of Petroleum Hydrocarbons-Contaminated Water

Globally, water resources contaminated with petroleum hydrocarbons are under much consideration due to their hazardous effects on human beings as well as on plants and animals in the ecosystem. Petroleum hydrocarbons are classified as recalcitrant pollutants in nature. These petroleum products are mostly released in the water resources during the petroleum refining process by oil refineries. The conventional clean-up technologies for hydrocarbons contaminated water have more destructive effects on the aquatic and land ecosystems. Consequently, to develop cost-effective and more environment-friendly techniques that clean up the environment and restore the marine ecosystem to its original forms. Keeping in view, this review article explores the detailed information on fabrication, cost-effectiveness, and an overview of innovation of the floating treatment wetlands (FTWs) using plants and bacterial combined functions to remediate the petroleum hydrocarbons contaminated water. The review also discusses the improvement of microbial efficacy for hydrocarbon degradation using FTWs. The review article shows the various applications of FTWs to remove different organic pollutants in petroleum hydrocarbons contaminated water. The review also describes the prospective benefits of FTWs for their multiple uses for removal of hydrocarbons, chemical oxygen demand (COD), biochemical oxygen demand (BOD), phenol, and solids from hydrocarbons contaminated water. This review widely discusses the role of hydrocarbons in degrading bacteria, and wetland plants and the mechanism involved during the remediation process of hydrocarbons in FTWs. It further demonstrates features disturbing the treatment efficiency of FTWs, and finally, it is concluded by successful applications of FTWs and various suggestions for potential future research prospects.

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Correlating the charge transfer efficiency of metallic sulfa-isatins to design efficient NLO materials with better drug designs

BioMetals - The present study presents synthesis, characterization and first principle studies on metal chelates, (1–12), of sulfonamide-isatin reacted ligands (S1–S3). All the products...     

Interferon-γ down-regulates membrane adenylate cyclase activity of a murine macrophage-like cell line (P388D1)

Effects of recombinant murine interferon-γ (rIFN-γ) on the membrane adenylate cyclase of a murine macrophage cell line (P388D₁) were investigated in order to explore the nature of a signal transmitted by IFN-γ receptor. Following the incubation of P388D₁ cells with 40 U/ml of rIFN-γ, the intracellular level of cAMP gradually increased about twofold over the control level within 60 min, and then began to gradually decline to about half the control level by 24 h incubation. The initial rise in cAMP level appeared to be due to the modest activation of adenylate cyclase and not due to the inhibition of cAMP-phosphodiesterase. Later decrease of intracellular cAMP may be due to quantitative down-regulation of the adenylate cyclase system. The basal enzymatic activity of the membrane prepared from P388D₁ cells exposed to IFN-γ for 24 h was found to be reduced to about 20% of that of the control membrane. However, the quality of the adenylate cyclase system appeared unchanged, because the relative degree of the response of the down-regulated membrane adenylate cyclase to prostaglandin PGE₂, NaF, guanylimidodiphosphate (GppNHp), cholera toxin (CT), or forskolin was found to remain unchanged. This quantitative down-regulation of adenylate cyclase must be due to the action of rIFN-γ, since the prior treatment of rIFN-γ with either acid (pH 2) or monoclonal anti-IFN-γ antibody inhibited the ability of IFN-γ to induce the down-regulation. The rIFN-γ-induced down-regulation is a reversible process, since the adenylate cyclase activity of the membrane was found to be restored when the rIFN-γ-exposed cells were cultured for 72 h in the absence of rIFN-γ. In addition, the 48 h-incubation of P388D₁ cells with rIFN-β or IFN-α was found not to significantly affect the membrane adenylate cyclase system.     

Sugarcane Molasses: A Cheap Carbon Source for Calcite Production in Different Class of Soils using Stimulation of Indigenous Urease-producing Bacteria

Abstract

In this research, we investigated the abilities of three different concentration of sugarcane molasses as a carbon source to stimulate indigenous bacterial growth in different classes of soil, namely poorly graded sand (SP), silty sand (SM), and clayey sand (SC) (according to the Unified classification system). A total of 7, 10, and 15 days after the treatment, direct shear tests were performed on the untreated and treated samples. The calcite content on all direct shear samples was determined to further correlate it with the strength gains in the treated samples. The scanning electron microscopy (SEM) images, EDX analysis, and X-ray diffraction (XRD) patterns were taken before and after treatment for all samples to analyze the microbial-induced calcite precipitation (MICP) process. The SP soil samples showed the highest strength gains and also highest calcite content as compared with other two soil type. The peak cohesion intercept for SP-treated samples increased by 2.7–5.5 times as compared to the untreated samples for molasses concentration of 1–3?g/L, respectively. The treated samples became more dilative with the increase in molasses concentration. The sample with highest molasses concentration showed stiffer behavior in shear than the samples with lower concentration.