Transient glucose intolerance during attacks of thyrotoxic periodic paralysis

In a 19-year-old Japanese male (case 1) with thyrotoxic periodic paralysis (TPP), an increase of plasma glucose concentration together with abnormally high levels of serum immunoreactive insulin (IRI) was observed preceding a spontaneous attack of paralysis. Therefore, the plasma glucose, glucagon, epinephrine, norepinephrine, serum IRI, growth hormone and cortisol levels, and the erythrocyte insulin receptors were measured in case 1 and a 40-year-old Japanese male (case 2) with TPP during attacks of paralysis induced by prolonged glucose loading. In case 1, the serum IRI concentration was elevated to the extraordinarily high level of 655.0 microU/ml at the beginning of paralysis, and at that time, the plasma glucose concentration was 147 mg/dl. However, when paralysis was not induced by a similar glucose loading during methimazole treatment, the serum IRI and plasma glucose levels at the corresponding time after glucose loading were 20.9 microU/ml and 87 mg/dl, respectively. Furthermore, the affinity of the erythrocyte insulin receptors was decreased during the attack. In case 2, plasma glucose and serum IRI concentrations were increased in accordance with the initiation of paralysis although the blood levels of hormones counteracting insulin were not significantly changed. These findings suggest that there is something interacting with the normal action of the insulin in the early phase of paralysis.     

Characterization of a growth-inhibiting protein present in rat serum that exerts a differential effect onin vitro growth of nonmalignant rat liver cells when compared with Rous sarcoma virus-transformed rat liver cells

Summary We have previously reported the transformation by Rous sarcoma virus of a cloned epithelial cell line (BRL) established from Buffalo rat liver by H. Coon. The nontransformed (BRL) and transformed (RSV-BRL) cells grew at comparable rates in culture, whereas only the transformed cells were tumorigenic in vivo. We report here on the existence in rat and mouse sera of a growth inhibitor for the nontransformed BRL cells. The transformed BRL cells (RSV-BRL) were insensitive to this inhibitor. The inhibitory activity was not prominent in sera from other species of animals tested except for rabbit; this serum inhibited the growth of RSV-BRL cells more strongly than that of BRL cells. The growth inhibitor was partially purified from rat serum. It is a protein free of lipid and has a molecular weight of about 220 000. The inhibitor could be separated into three components of pI 4.6, 5.2 (major) and 5.6 by isoelectric electrophoresis. EDITOR'S STATEMENT Although compelling theoretical arguments sometimes can be made for the likely existence of growth-inhibitory substances of physical relevance in the control of cell proliferation, experiments aimed at identifying and studying such factors often are difficult to design and interpret, and little strong data exists to suggest that growth-inhibitory substances are important regulatorsin vivo. The information presented in this paper represents a start toward developing a useful system for studying growth-inhibitory factor. David W. Barnes     

Probing stability and dynamics of proteins by protease digestion. I: Comparison of protease susceptibility and thermal stability of cytochromes c

Protease susceptibility of homologous proteins in their native conformations was studied. This work aims to establish a broad and quantitative basis for the utilization of protease digestion to analyze the local stability of native proteins. Using high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) the time course of the proteolytic degradation of intact proteins was quantitatively traced. Rapid separation of peptide fragments with HPLC made possible the elucidation of sequential digestion originating from the cleavage at a very few sites which are locally unstable in the protein structure. Using four serine proteases, chymotrypsin, trypsin, elastase and subtilisin BPN', we found some common trends in proteolysis for a group of proteins of the cytochrome c family. By comparing of the proteolysis and thermal denaturation with ten homologous cytochromes c extracted from horse, beef, Candida krusei, Saccharomyces cerevisiae, chicken, tuna, pigeon, rabbit, dog and rat, protease susceptibility was related to locally unfolding states intrinsic to the native conformation.     

Statistical mechanics of DNA and protein suitable for computer calculation

The metling behavior of DNA and formation of α-helices and β-strands in protein can be discussed rigorously by statistical mechanical treatment. To do this, however, appropriate formulations are required for fast computer calculation. New formalisms for DNA and protein in terms of recurrence relations suitable for computer calculation are presented.     

Fetal hemoglobin variants in 80,000 Japanese neonates: high prevalence of Hb F Yamaguchi (AγT 80 Asp→Asn)

Summary A population-based screening of newborns for the structural variants of fetal hemoglobin was carried out in Osaka Prefecture, Japan, by isoelectric focusing of globin chains using dried blood on filter paper. Of 80,000 newborns, 18 had globin variants and 55 had globin variants. The incidence of globin variants (1/1,455) was much higher than that of globin variants (1/4,444). Structural studies were then carried out on the abnormal globins in 36 samples, and revealed that 25 of them were Hb F Yamaguchi (^AT 80 AspAsn). The prevalence of this variant in Japanese was estimated to be as high as one per 2,100.     

Circadian rhythms of testosterone-dependent behaviors,crowing and locomotor activity,in male Japanese quail

Summary An apparatus was devised to record crowing (mate calling by males) together with locomotor activity and recorded data was analyzed by several methods for rhythm analysis. Crowing and locomotor activity of Japanese quail held on long days were recorded during sexual development as estimated from circulating gonadotropins and testosterone. Both behaviors were testosterone-dependent but commencement of crowing preceded the increase in locomotor activity. When the two behaviors attained their maximum levels, crowing showed consistent daily rhythms in which two peaks were apparent, a major one at the onset of light and a broader one 8 hours later. Locomotor activity also showed a clear daily rhythm with a peak between the two peaks of crowing rhythm suggesting a fixed phase relationship between the two rhythms.Both rhythms free-ran under constant dim light with periods shorter than 24 h. They persisted in birds which had been castrated and then supplied with exogenous testosterone via implanted Silastic capsules. The durations of both rhythms were quite comparable to each other and they maintained a fixed phase relationship similar to that found under LD cycles.The results indicate that testosterone is essential for the induction of crowing and for the enhancement of locomotor activity but the formation of the rhythms in behavior was strictly dependent on a circadian oscillatory mechanism.Abbreviations LH luteinizing hormone - FHS follicle-stimulating hormone - LD light-dark - LDim light-dim light     

Magnesium ion induced proton release as a probe for the polyelectrolytic structure of ribosomal RNAs and subunits

E coli ribosomes and rRNA's released 20 to 50 protons upon jump of magnesium ion concentration from 1 mM to 20 mM. The Mg2+-induced proton release was measured separately for 16S rRNA, 23S rRNA, 30S subunit, and 50S subunit by a new spectrophotometric method that had a much better sensitivity than the pH-stat method. The proton release from the subunits and rRNA's were similar in the number of protons, the pH dependence that had a minimum at neutral pH, and the upward concaveness of the Scatchard plot. From these results, the main source of protons in ribosomal subunits was assigned to nucleotide bases of rRNA's that showed a downward pKa shift upon Mg2+-ion binding. The subunits and rRNA's, however, differed in the proton release. 16S rRNA released protons somewhat more effectively than 23S rRNA, while 30S subunit released protons 2 to 5 times more effectively than 50S subunit. The marked difference between the two subunits suggest that ionizable bases in 16S and 23S rRNA's are covered and their pKa values are shifted by ribosomal proteins to different extents. The association of 30S and 50S subunits induced little proton release, showing that few ionizable groups with pKa near neutral pH are involved in the association. E. coli tRNA and poly U also showed Mg2+-induced proton release. The amounts of protons released from rRNA's, tRNA, and poly U were roughly proportional to the amount of bases not hydrogen bonded. The Mg2+-induced proton release from the natural and synthetic RNA's can be explained by the electrostatic field effect of polyphosphate backbones on bases not hydrogen bonded, as proposed in a previous paper. It also reflects the conformational structure of each RNA molecule.     

Spirulina ferredoxin-NADP+ reductase. Further characterization with an improved preparation

The preparation procedure for Spirulina ferredoxin-NADP+ reductase (ferredoxin: NADP+ oxidoreductase, EC 1.18.1.2, FNR) was improved by adding protease inhibitors, phenylmethylsulfonylfluoride (PMSF) and EDTA, through the whole process of preparation and by introducing an affinity chromatography step on Blue Sepharose CL-6B. The addition of the inhibitors largely prevented the formation of the minor component (FNR I), and the affinity gel chromatography simplified the preparation process, shortening the exposure period of FNR to proteolysis. However, complete removal of the heterogeneity of FNR found at the amino (N)-terminal region was not achieved even by applying the new method. The affinity chromatography on the Blue Sepharose gel was also effective in purifying spinach FNR. The affinity of this gel for Spirulina FNR was compared with that for the enzyme derived from spinach leaves. The spinach enzyme had a higher affinity than the Spirulina one. Both enzymes showed the highest affinities to Blue Sepharose at 20--30 mM NaCl concentration. The N-terminal sequence analysis revealed that there was 4 forms, which were probably modifications produced by exopeptidase action during the preparation, or even in the living cells. The longest component gave the N-terminal sequence Ala-Lys-Thr-Asp-Ile-Pro-Val-Asn-Ile-Tyr-. The others lacked amino acids successively one by one from the N-terminus. In contrast, the carboxyl(C)-terminal residues of all 4 FNR forms were tyrosine. The probable C-terminal sequence was predicted to be -Trp-His-Val-Gln-Thr-Tyr based on a study of a cyanogen bromide peptide.     

Sex difference in the paradoxical response of serum GH to thyrotrophin releasing hormone in cancer patients

It was demonstrated that thyrotropin-releasing hormone (TRH) elicited a paradoxical increase in basal GH levels in cancer patients. Out of 94 cancer patients, 50 were found to be GH responders and this phenomenon was more frequently recognized in female than in male cancer patients. In cancer patients under 59 years of age, the GH response to TRH was significantly greater in females than in males, although there was no sex difference in the GH response in patients above 60 years of age. In female cancer patients, the GH response to TRH was significantly greater in patients under 59 years of age than in patients above 60 years of age, while there was no age difference in the GH response in male cancer patients. It was concluded that paradoxical responses of serum GH to TRH were recognized in 53 per cent of cancer patients and were more frequently observed in female than in male cancer patients.     

Characterization of a new fetal hemoglobin variant, Hb F Izumi A gamma 6Glu replaced by Gly, by molecular secondary ion mass spectrometry

Molecular secondary ion mass spectrometry has characterized the structure of a new fetal hemoglobin variant, Hb F Izumi, without separation of peptides or amino acid analysis. First, the mass spectrum of a tryptic digest of the abnormal gamma globin revealed a decreased by 72 mass units in the molecular mass of peptide T-1,2, indicating the presence of a Glu leads to Gly substitution. Next, the analysis of the digest produced by the addition of staphylococcal protease, which specifically cleaves glutamyl peptide bonds, determined the site of substitution at 6th glutamic acid residue in peptide T-1,2 which contains two glutamic acid residues. Since this mass spectrometric approach provides digitalized data on peptide analysis, we call it 'digit printing'. The high sensitivity of this technique is especially promising for the analysis of molecular abnormality in various genetic disorders.