THE HOST-PARASITE INTERFACE OF PERONOSPORA MANSHURICA ON GLYCINE MAX

Peyton , G. A., and c. c . Bowen . (Iowa State U., Ames.) The host-parasite interface of Peronospora manshurica on Glycine max. Amer. Jour. Bot. 50(8): 787-797. Illus. 1983.—The fine structure of the vegetative intercellular hyphae, intracellular haustoria, and invaded host cells is described. Perinuclear Golgi apparatus and extensive lomasomes are characteristic of the hyphae and haustoria of this fungus. The invading haustoria do not penetrate the plasma membrane of the host. Except for a sheath near the point of penetration, there is no evidence of true host wall around the haustorium. However, a “zone of apposition,” with staining properties different from those of normal host cell wall, forms around the haustorial wall between the host and parasite plasma membranes. Special modifications of the host cytoplasm in the vicinity of haustoria are described, including formation of “secretory bodies” and their apparent discharge through the host plasma membrane into the zone of apposition. This phenomenon, together with an apparent increase in the number of ribosomes in the host, suggests highly specific reactions of the host cytoplasm to the invading haustorium.     

In vitro Inhibition of Clinical Isolates of Otitis Media Pathogens by the Probiotic Streptococcus salivarius BLIS K12

Otitis media is a common childhood infection, frequently requiring antibiotics. With high rates of antibiotic prescribing and increasing antibiotic resistance, new strategies in otitis media prevention and treatment are needed. The aim of this study was to assess the in vitro inhibitory activity Streptococcus salivarius BLIS K12 against otitis media pathogens. Efficacy of the bacteriocin activity of S. salivarius BLIS K12 against the otitis media isolates was assessed using the deferred antagonism test. Overall, 48% of pathogenic isolates exhibited some growth inhibition by S. salivarius BLIS K12. S. salivarius BLIS K12 can inhibit the in vitro growth of the most common pathogens.

     

Properties of microfiltration membranes: Mechanisms of flux loss in the recovery of an enzyme

The transmission and rate of filtration of the enzyme yeast alcohol dehydrogenase (YADH) has been studied at capillary pore microfiltration membranes. Photon correlation spectroscopy (PCS) with nanometer resolution showed that the enzyme existed as discreate molecules only for a narrow range of pH and ionic strength. Under such conditions, the transmission of the enzyme was high. However, the rate of filtration still decreased continuously with time. Analyssis of the time dependence of the rate of filtration indicated that this decrease was due to in-pore enzyme deposition at low concentration ("standard blocking model") and suface depositon at high concentration ("cake filtration model"). Use of atomic force microscopy (AFM) gave unequivocal and quantitative confirmation of these inferences. The work shows the great advantage of using advanced physical characterization techniques, both for the identification of the optimum conditions for filtration (PCS) and for the elucidation of mechanisms giving rise to inefficiencies in the filtration process (AFM). (c) 1995 John Wiley & Sons, Inc.     

ERbeta ligands. Part 5: synthesis and structure-activity relationships of a series of 4'-hydroxyphenyl-aryl-carbaldehyde oxime derivatives

A series of 4'-hydroxyphenyl-aryl-carbaldehyde oximes (5b) was prepared and found to have high affinity (4nM) and modest selectivity (39-fold) for estrogen receptor-beta (ERbeta). Substitution of one of the core rings of the scaffold based around these novel ligands further expanded our knowledge in the quest toward achieving high affinity and selectivity for ERbeta. An X-ray co-crystal of structure 11 revealed that the oxime moiety was mimicking the C-ring of genistein, as previously predicted by SAR and docking studies.     

高硫高砷金精矿生物预氧化条件优化

摘要:【目的】研究温度以及返回液添加量对体系中氧化效果以及金(Au)氰化浸出率的影响。【方法】针对某高硫高砷金精矿建立了一套连续生物预氧化体系(氧化时间6 d),比较不同的温度(40℃和45℃)和返回液添加量(0和600mL)对生物预氧化效果的影响:间隔8 h连续测定氧化体系中的氧化液、氧化渣以及氰化渣中的总Fe、总S、总As以及SO4 2－和Au含量;并用16S rRNA基因克隆文库的方法对体系中的浸矿菌群结构进行分析。【结果】结果显示,提高温度和添加氧化返回液都会改变体系:升高温度在一定程度上提高了体系的氧化程度,主要表现为显著降低了尾渣中总铁、总硫含量,显著提高了尾渣中的S6 + 比例,并且降低前三槽氧化体系的耗碱量;投加返回液则会降低体系的氧化程度,主要表现为显著提高了尾渣金品位和铁含量,显著降低了尾渣中的S6 + 以及Au 浸出率;Dissimilarity和DCA结果表明温度变化对体系的影响更为显著;氧化过程中的Au 浸出率、硫氧化率以及As 去除率,三者互为显著正相关;克隆文库结果显示,该浸矿菌群主要包括3类细菌: Acidithiocacillus caldu (71%)、Leptospirillum ferriphilum (23%)和Sulfobacillus thermosulfidooxidans(6%),基于97%相似性的OTU覆盖率达93.67%。【结论】研究结果表明,相对于添加返回液,温度变化会更显著的改变体系反应效率。提高体系温度有利于矿物的氧化,而添加返回液会降低Au浸出率。本文首次研究了连续生物预氧化过程中温度梯度和返回液添加对体系的影响,本研究结果对中温生物预氧化工业生产的工艺优化、降低工业运行成本具有重要的指导意义。     

Sleep and nesting behavior in primates: A review

Sleep is a universal behavior in vertebrate and invertebrate animals, suggesting it originated in the very first life forms. Given the vital function of sleep, sleeping patterns and sleep architecture follow dynamic and adaptive processes reflecting trade-offs to different selective pressures. Here, we review responses in sleep and sleep-related behavior to environmental constraints across primate species, focusing on the role of great ape nest building in hominid evolution. We summarize and synthesize major hypotheses explaining the proximate and ultimate functions of great ape nest building across all species and subspecies; we draw on 46 original studies published between 2000 and 2017. In addition, we integrate the most recent data brought together by researchers from a complementary range of disciplines in the frame of the symposium “Burning the midnight oil” held at the 26th Congress of the International Primatological Society, Chicago, August 2016, as well as some additional contributors, each of which is included as a “stand-alone” article in this “Primate Sleep” symposium set. In doing so, we present crucial factors to be considered in describing scenarios of human sleep evolution: (a) the implications of nest construction for sleep quality and cognition; (b) the tree-to-ground transition in early hominids; (c) the peculiarities of human sleep. We propose bridging disciplines such as neurobiology, endocrinology, medicine, and evolutionary ecology, so that future research may disentangle the major functions of sleep in human and nonhuman primates, namely its role in energy allocation, health, and cognition.     

The Mitochondrial Genome of Acropora tenuis (Cnidaria; Scleractinia) Contains a Large Group I Intron and a Candidate Control Region

The complete nucleotide sequence of the mitochondrial genome of the coral Acropora tenuis has been determined. The 18,338 bp A. tenuis mitochondrial genome contains the standard metazoan complement of 13 protein-coding and two rRNA genes, but only the same two tRNA genes (trnM and trnW) as are present in the mtDNA of the sea anemone, Metridium senile. The A. tenuis nad5 gene is interrupted by a large group I intron which contains ten protein-coding genes and rns; M. senile has an intron at the same position but this contains only two protein-coding genes. Despite the large distance (about 11.5 kb) between the 5?-exon and 3?-exon boundaries, the A. tenuis nad5 gene is functional, as we were able to RT-PCR across the predicted intron splice site using total RNA from A. tenuis. As in M. senile, all of the genes in the A. tenuis mt genome have the same orientation, but their organization is completely different in these two zoantharians: The only common gene boundaries are those at each end of the group I intron and between trnM and rnl. Finally, we provide evidence that the rns-cox3 intergenic region in A. tenuis may correspond to the mitochondrial control region of higher animals. This region contains repetitive elements, and has the potential to form secondary structures of the type characteristic of vertebrate D-loops. Comparisons between a wide range of Acropora species showed that a long hairpin predicted in rns-cox3 is phylogenetically conserved, and allowed the tentative identification of conserved sequence blocks.     

Feeding Ecology of Cross River Gorillas (Gorilla gorilla diehli) at Mawambi Hills: The Influence of Resource Seasonality

Determining the composition of primate diet and identifying factors that affect food choice are important in understanding habitat requirements of primates and designing conservation plans. We studied the diet of Cross River gorillas (Gorilla gorilla diehli) in relation to availability of food resources, in a semideciduous lowland forest site (Mawambi Hills) in Cameroon, from November 2009 to September 2011. Based on 109 d of feeding trail data, 203 fecal samples, and 22 mo of phenological monitoring, we determined that gorillas consumed a total of 242 food items, including 240 plant items from 186 species and 55 taxonomic families. Mawambi gorillas diversified fruit consumption when fruit availability increased, and consumed more fibrous foods (pith, leaf, bark) during times of fruit scarcity, consistent with results of other gorilla studies. However, fruit availability was not related to rainfall, and the period of fruit scarcity was more pronounced at Mawambi than at other gorilla study sites, due to a single long dry season and extreme rainfall at the end of the rainy season that delayed fruit production and ripening. We found no relationship between the daily path length of the gorillas and fruit consumption. We found feeding habits of Mawambi gorillas to be notably similar to those of a population of Cross River gorillas at Afi Mountain, Nigeria, although subtle differences existed, possibly due to site-specific differences in forest composition and altitude. At both sites the liana Landolphia spp. was the single most important food species: the leaves are a staple and the fruits are consumed during periods of fruit scarcity. Snails and maggots were consumed but we observed no further faunivory. We suggest that tree leaves and lianas are important fallback food sources in the gorilla diet in seasonally dry forests.