Natural relationship between bacteroides and flavobacteria.

Comparisons among 16S rRNA sequences from various eubacteria reveal a natural relationship between the bacteroides (represented by the Bacteroides fragilis sequence) and a phylogenetic unit that comprises the flavobacteria, cytophagae, flexibacteria, and others (represented by the Flavobacterium heparinum sequence). Although the relationship is not a close one, it is, nevertheless, specific. rRNAs from these two organisms are not only closer to one another in overall sequence than they are to outgroup species (such as Bacillus subtilis, Escherichia coli, Desulfovibrio desulfuricans, and Agrobacterium tumefaciens), but they show common idiosyncrasies (i.e., derived characteristics) in both rRNA sequences and higher-order structures.     

Growth-dependent expression of a cell surface glycoprotein

The expression of the hepatocellular membrane receptor for desialylated galactose-termining glycoproteins was studied during different proliferative stages of a human hepatoma cell line. Rapidly growing cells exhibited a reduced endocytotic rate of desialylated orsomucoid as compared to non-growing cells. This reduction was shown to be the consequence of a lower concentration of active cell-surface associated receptor protein in the dividing cells.     

A bivariate radioimmunoassay for arginine vasopressin and the synthetic antidiuretic agent 1-deamino-8-D-arginine vasopressin (desmopressin)

Pairs of radioimmunoassays, each of which include a two-dimensional matrix of standards, have been previously employed to resolve specificity problems in steroid immunoassay. In this study the bivariate radioimmunoassay principle has been applied to simultaneous measurement of plasma antidiuretic hormone, arginine vasopressin, and the synthetic antidiuretic agent 1-deamino-8-D-arginine vasopressin (desmopressin), by utilizing two arginine vasopressin antisera which show significantly different cross-reactivities with the synthetic analog. Data processing consists of mathematical representation of two curved dose-response surfaces followed by solution of this pair of nonlinear simultaneous equations for the unknown arginine vasopressin and desmopressin concentrations. Details of numerical procedures are given in the Appendix. The assay appears entirely adequate in terms of sensitivity, accuracy, and precision for measurement of these antidiuretic agents in clinical samples. No evidence of significant covariance in estimated concentrations could be detected but precision of estimation is (not unexpectedly) a function of the concentration of both agents. The plasma disappearance half-time of desmopressin (probably the second of a biphasic disappearance) was estimated as 37 min in one normal subject, which is in good agreement with a previously reported value of 30 min.     

Rat striatal dopamine and tetrahydrobiopterin content following an intrastriatal injection of manganese chloride

Injection of manganese into the rat corpus striatum causes a rapid fall in the biopterin and dopamine (DA) content ipsilateral to the lesion. Two weeks after the lesion both biopterin and DA are partially recovered. Controls, injected with saline or magnesium, do not show alterations in their DA or cofactor levels. It is proposed that the fall in DA levels results from a rapid displacement of the amine from its storage sites by manganese followed by a decrease in the rate of DA synthesis causes by the drop in cofactor levels.     

Quantification of human spermatogenesis: germ cell degeneration during spermatocytogenesis and meiosis in testes from younger and older adult men

Germ cell degeneration during spermatocytogenesis and meiosis was investigated to explain the age-related decline in daily sperm production (DSP). Numbers of Types A-dark, A-pale, and B-spermatogonia, potential daily sperm production per g parenchyma (PDSP) based on type B-spermatogonia, early primary spermatocytes, and late primary spermatocytes, and DSP per g based on early spermatids were determined in 15 men aged 20 to 48 yr (mean +/- SEM, 33 +/- 2 yr) and 15 men aged 52 to 90 yr (65 +/- 3 yr). Testes obtained within 15 h of death (largely due to trauma or heart failure) were perfused vascularly with glutaraldehyde. The number of each cell type per g parenchyma was calculated as the product of the percentage of nuclei in the parenchyma times a correction factor for section thickness and nuclear diameter divided by the volume of a single nucleus of that cell type. Paired testicular weight was lower (p less than 0.01) in older men (33 +/- 3 g) than in the younger men (49 +/- 3 g). Younger and older men had similar numbers of A-dark, A-pale, and B-spermatogonia per g parenchyma. PDSP based on late primary spermatocytes and DSP based on early spermatids were lower (p less than 0.01) in older men than in younger men. In younger men, PDSP was similar (p greater than 0.05) between B-spermatogonia and late primary spermatocytes, whereas DSP measured at the spermatid level was abruptly lower than that estimated from younger cell types. Older men showed reduction in PDSP between early and late primary spermatocytes, with further reduction occurring in DSP at the spermatid level.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)