Shoot organogenesis and plant regeneration in <Emphasis Type="Italic">Pityopsis ruthii</Emphasis>

Pityopsis ruthii is an endangered herbaceous perennial species from the United States. In vitro multiplication of this species can be valuable for germplasm conservation. Flower receptacles of P. ruthii were cultured on Murashige and Skoog medium (MS) supplemented with 11.4 μM indole-3-acetic acid (IAA) in combination with 2.2, 4.4 or 8.8 μM 6-benzyladenine (BA). Shoots were visible within 14–28 days and three plants were successfully rooted on MS medium supplemented with 5.7 μM IAA. A two tailed t-test for paired-variates revealed that shoot regeneration on MS medium amended with 11.4 μM IAA and 2.2 μM BA was significantly higher (P < 0.05) than on other treatments. Leaf explants were also cultured on MS not supplemented with growth regulators or supplemented with 11.4 μM IAA in combination with 0, 2.2, 4.4 or 8.8 μM BA. Shoots were visible within 21–35 days and one plant was successfully rooted on MS medium supplemented with 5.4 μM NAA. Shoot regeneration on MS medium augmented with 11.4 μM IAA and 2.2 μM BA was significantly higher (P < 0.05) than the other treatments according to analysis of variance (ANOVA) with a rank transformation. Hyperhydricity and rooting of shoots was problematic for explants derived from flower receptacles and leaf tissue, but viable plants were regenerated using both explants sources indicating the potential role for micropropagation in the ex situ conservation of the species.     

Towards a global database of weed risk assessments: a test of transferability for the tropics

Worldwide spread and establishment of alien plant species continues to accelerate and damage ecological and agricultural systems. Early warning and prevention of high-risk introductions is the most cost-effective approach to minimise losses while maximising benefits, and the Australian Weed Risk Assessment (A-WRA) system has been the most well-developed and successful predictive scheme. However, any system would be limited if the results or scores were confined to the locality of assessment. We compiled A-WRA scores conducted in four tropical to sub-tropical regions and tested the accuracy of these scores for predicting naturalisations for a separate well-documented, equatorial, exotic flora where weed risk assessments have never been conducted. Receiver Operating Characteristic (ROC) curves reflect high accuracies of predictions, comparable to those in other studies. No significant differences in accuracy were found between each regional subset and the compiled set of scores. Our results show that A-WRA scores assessed at one locality can be used for others of similar climate, increasing the utility of every species’ assessment. A global database of A-WRA scores would enable rapid local decision-making in border controls on imported plant species. A growing record of species assessments would also facilitate monitoring evolutionary and ecological aspects of invasive species.     

Assessing freshwater ecotoxicity of agricultural products in life cycle assessment (LCA): a case study of wheat using French agricultural practices databases and USEtox model

Purpose  

A life cycle assessment (LCA) was conducted on winter wheat, based on real agricultural practices databases, on a sample divided into four production scenarios. The main objectives of this study are (1) to assess the environmental impact of winter wheat, using an LCA covering field practices, and the transport and storage of grain until it is sold to a miller; (2) to use the USEtox model (Rosenbaum et al. in Int J Life Cycle Assess 13:532–546, 2008) to assess the part of the total freshwater ecotoxicity impact due to pesticide use, its variability among plots, and to identify the active ingredients with the strongest impact; (3) and with the help of fungicide, insecticide, herbicide experts, to identify active ingredients to replace these high-impact pesticides and estimate the effect of such a substitution on total freshwater ecotoxicity.     

Isolation and characterization of ethylbenzene degrading <Emphasis Type="Italic">Pseudomonas putida</Emphasis> E41

Pseudomonas putida E41 was isolated from oil-contaminated soil and showed its ability to grow on ethyl-benzene as the sole carbon and energy source. Moreover, P. putida E41 show the activity of biodegradation of ethylbenzene in the batch culture. E41 showed high efficiency of biodegradation of ethylbenzene with the optimum conditions (a cell concentration of 0.1 g wet cell weight/L, pH 7.0, 25°C, and ethylbenzene concentration of 50 mg/L) from the results of the batch culture. The maximum degradation rate and specific growth rate (μ_max) under the optimum conditions were 0.19+0.03 mg/mg-DCW (Dry Cell Weight)/h and 0.87+0.13 h⁻¹, respectively. Benzene, toluene and ethylbenzene were degraded when these compounds were provided together; however, xylene isomers persisted during degradation by P. putida E41. When using a bioreactor batch system with a binary culture with P. putida BJ10, which was isolated previously in our lab, the degradation rate for benzene and toluene was improved in BTE mixed medium (each initial concentration: 50 mg/L). Almost all of the BTE was degraded within 4 h and 70–80% of m-, p-, and o-xylenes within 11 h in a BTEX mixture (initial concentration: 50 mg/L each). In summary, we found a valuable new strain of P. putida, determined the optimal degradation conditions for this isolate and tested a mixed culture of E41 and BJ10 for its ability to degrade a common sample of mixed contaminants containing benzene, toluene, and xylene.     

A segmental labeling strategy for unambiguous determination of domain–domain interactions of large multi-domain proteins

NMR structural determination of large multi-domain proteins is a challenging task due to significant spectral overlap with a particular difficulty in unambiguous identification of domain–domain interactions. Segmental labeling is a NMR strategy that allows for isotopically labeling one domain and leaves the other domain unlabeled. This significantly simplifies spectral overlaps and allows for quick identification of domain–domain interaction. Here, a novel segmental labeling strategy is presented for detection of inter-domain NOEs. To identify domain–domain interactions in human apolipoprotein E (apoE), a multi-domain, 299-residues α-helical protein, on-column expressed protein ligation was utilized to generate a segmental-labeled apoE samples in which the N-terminal (NT-) domain was ²H(99%)/¹⁵N-labeled whereas the C-terminal (CT-) domain was either ¹⁵N- or ¹⁵N/¹³C-labeled. 3-D ¹⁵N-edited NOESY spectra of these segmental-labeled apoE samples allow for direct observation of the inter-domain NOEs between the backbone amide protons of the NT-domain and the aliphatic protons of the CT-domain. This straightforward approach permits unambiguous identification of 78 inter-domain NOEs, enabling accurate definition of the relative positions of both the NT- and the CT-domains and determination of the NMR structure of apoE.     

Assessing the Potential of Indigenous-Run Demographic/Health Surveys: the 2005 Shuar Survey,Ecuador

Despite improved national censuses and “micro-demographic” studies, demographic processes and health conditions among indigenous populations in Amazonia and elsewhere in lowland Latin America are not well understood. A new source of demographic and health data has emerged in the past decade, namely meso-scale surveys initiated and administered by indigenous organizations. These surveys offer the potential for filling information gaps, shedding light on culturally specific factors that shape demographic processes and health, and empowering indigenous organizations with data that could inform health initiatives. This article assesses the indigenous-run survey “2005 Health Analysis of the Shuar and Achuar Nations” of eastern Ecuador in which the authors were involved, which reached 1,943 households in 257 communities in Morona-Santiago Province. We present findings on fertility, migration, sanitation, and health, and assess the strengths and weaknesses of the survey. We argue that despite flaws in the survey design and implementation, this survey revealed important linkages among fertility, migration, and health. Such surveys have the potential to provide much needed detail, representativeness, and cultural specificity that macro and micro data sources cannot provide. We conclude with recommendations to improve surveys of this type.     

Lactose Induction Increases Production of Recombinant Keratinocyte Growth Factor-2 in <Emphasis Type="Italic">Escherichia coli</Emphasis>

Recombinant human keratinocyte growth factor-2 (rhKGF-2) has previously been expressed in Escherichia coli using isopropyl-β-d-thiogalactopyranoside (IPTG), a non-metabolizable and expensive compound, as the inducer. In order to determine whether IPTG could be replaced with the cheap and natural lactose to induce rhKGF-2 expression, we examined the expression of rhKGF-2 in flask culture and 30-l fermentation using lactose as the inducer. The optimized fermentation induced with lactose resulted in 1,382 g of cell mass, corresponding to a 84% enhancement in cell mass compared with IPTG induction. While the expression level of rhKGF-2 induced with lactose was comparable to that induced with IPTG, the solubility of target protein was increased by lactose induction than by IPTG induction. The recombinant protein was further purified by cation exchange and heparin-affinity chromatography. 255 milligrams of pure rhKGF-2 was achieved per liter culture by lactose induction, 52% higher than that obtained by IPTG induction. A preliminary biochemical characterization of purified rhKGF-2 was performed by Western blotting and mitogenic activity analysis, and the results demonstrated that the purified lactose-induced rhKGF-2 could react with anti-human KGF-2 antibody and stimulate the proliferation of FGFR2-IIIb-transfected mouse BaF3 cells as IPTG-induced rhKGF-2 could do.     

Stromal upregulation of lateral epithelial adhesions: Gene expression analysis of signalling pathways in prostate epithelium

Background  

Stromal signalling increases the lateral cell adhesions of prostate epithelial cells grown in 3D culture. The aim of this study was to use microarray analysis to identify significant epithelial signalling pathways and genes in this process.     

Immunostimulatory effect by aqueous extract of <Emphasis Type="Italic">Hizikia fusiforme</Emphasis> in RAW 264.7 macrophage and whole spleen cells

Hizikia fusiforme is a commonly used food that possesses potent anti-bacterial, anti-fungal, and anti-inflammatory activities. The immunostimulatory activities of aqueous extract of Hizikia fusiforme (HFAE) in RAW 264.7 macrophages and whole spleen cells were investigated. HFAE activated RAW 264.7 macrophages to produce cytokines such as nitric oxide (NO), tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α), interleukin-1β (IL-1β), and interleukin-6 (IL-6) in a dose-dependent manner. In addition, HFAE induced the mRNA expression of TNF-α, IL-1β, and IL-6 in RAW 264.7 macrophages. Moreover, HFAE stimulated proliferation of whole spleen cells and reference mitogen. Taken together, the results demonstrate that HFAE potently activates the immune function by regulating NO, TNF-α, IL-1β, and IL-6 in RAW 264.7 macrophage and promoting spleen cell proliferation.