全文获取类型
收费全文 | 7364篇 |
免费 | 597篇 |
国内免费 | 18篇 |
专业分类
7979篇 |
出版年
2023年 | 75篇 |
2022年 | 153篇 |
2021年 | 257篇 |
2020年 | 123篇 |
2019年 | 188篇 |
2018年 | 216篇 |
2017年 | 208篇 |
2016年 | 271篇 |
2015年 | 379篇 |
2014年 | 375篇 |
2013年 | 498篇 |
2012年 | 577篇 |
2011年 | 551篇 |
2010年 | 334篇 |
2009年 | 280篇 |
2008年 | 370篇 |
2007年 | 377篇 |
2006年 | 325篇 |
2005年 | 310篇 |
2004年 | 231篇 |
2003年 | 208篇 |
2002年 | 244篇 |
2001年 | 157篇 |
2000年 | 203篇 |
1999年 | 144篇 |
1998年 | 58篇 |
1997年 | 35篇 |
1996年 | 37篇 |
1995年 | 54篇 |
1994年 | 43篇 |
1993年 | 34篇 |
1992年 | 71篇 |
1991年 | 62篇 |
1990年 | 61篇 |
1989年 | 63篇 |
1988年 | 48篇 |
1987年 | 40篇 |
1986年 | 46篇 |
1985年 | 51篇 |
1984年 | 33篇 |
1983年 | 25篇 |
1982年 | 15篇 |
1981年 | 20篇 |
1980年 | 11篇 |
1979年 | 20篇 |
1978年 | 16篇 |
1977年 | 14篇 |
1976年 | 12篇 |
1975年 | 11篇 |
1973年 | 10篇 |
排序方式: 共有7979条查询结果,搜索用时 15 毫秒
61.
Large-scale mapping and chromosome jumping in the q27 region of the human X chromosome 总被引:2,自引:0,他引:2
We have used pulsed field gel electrophoresis for further physical mapping studies in the q27 region of the human X chromosome. We show that the DXS 102 locus and the F9 gene are separated by only 300 kb despite a genetic distance of 1.4 cM; this linkage orients our large-scale map and shows that the mcf.2 transforming sequence is telomeric to F9. A BssHII complete-digest jumping library was used to jump toward the DXS 105 locus; a 130-kb jump was achieved and the corresponding "linking clone" was obtained. 相似文献
62.
63.
In an attempt to question the toxic effect of heat shock and related stress, we have studied the activity of reporter enzymes during stress. Escherichia coli beta-galactosidase and Photinus pyralis luciferase were synthesized in mouse and Drosophila cells after transfection of the corresponding genes. Both enzymes are rapidly inactivated during hyperthermia. The corresponding polypeptides are not degraded but become insoluble even in the presence of non-ionic detergents. The heat inactivation is more dramatic in vivo within the living cell than in vitro, in a detergent-free crude cell lysate. The extent of enzyme inactivation at a given temperature depends on the cell type in which the enzyme is expressed. Luciferase is inactivated at lower temperatures within Drosophila cells than within mouse cells, whereas beta-galactosidase is inactivated at higher temperatures in E. coli than in mouse cells. A "priming" heat shock confers a transient increased resistance (thermotolerance) of cells against a second "challenging" heat shock. Enzyme inactivation during heat shock or exposure of the cells to ethanol is attenuated in heat shock-primed cells. A comparable thermoprotection is raised by a priming heat shock for both luciferase activity and protein synthesis. Thus, the study of reporter enzyme inactivation is a promising tool for understanding the molecular basis of the toxicity of heat shock and related stress as well as the mechanisms leading to thermotolerance. 相似文献
64.
Characterization of a human homologue of the murine peripheral lymph node homing receptor 总被引:21,自引:11,他引:10
下载免费PDF全文
![点击此处可从《The Journal of cell biology》网站下载免费的PDF全文](/ch/ext_images/free.gif)
Lymphocyte trafficking is a fundamental aspect of the immune system that allows B and T lymphocytes with diverse antigen recognition specificities to be exposed to various antigenic stimuli in spatially distinct regions of an organism. A lymphocyte adhesion molecule that is involved with this trafficking phenomenon has been termed the homing receptor. Previous work (Lasky, L., T. Yednock, M. Singer, D. Dowbenko, C. Fennie, H. Rodriguez, T. Nguyen, S. Stachel, and S. Rosen. 1989. Cell. 56:1045-1055) has characterized a cDNA clone encoding a murine homing receptor that is involved in trafficking of lymphocytes to peripheral lymph nodes. This molecule was found to contain a number of protein motifs, the most intriguing of which was a carbohydrate binding domain, or lectin, that is apparently involved in the adhesive interaction between murine lymphocytes and peripheral lymph node endothelium. In this study, we have used the murine cDNA clone to isolate a human homologue of this peripheral lymph node-specific adhesion molecule. The human receptor was found to be highly homologous to the murine receptor in overall sequence, but showed no sequence similarity to another surface protein that may be involved with human lymphocyte homing, the Hermes glycoprotein. The extracellular region of the human receptor contained an NH2 terminally located carbohydrate binding domain followed by an EGF-like domain and a domain containing two repeats of a complement binding motif. Transient cell transfection assays using the human receptor cDNA showed that it encoded a surface glycoprotein that cross reacted with a polyclonal antibody directed against the murine peripheral lymph node homing receptor. Interestingly, the human receptor showed a high degree of sequence homology to another human cell adhesion glycoprotein, the endothelial cell adhesion molecule ELAM. 相似文献
65.
Storage of apple fruits ( Pyrus malus L. cv. Golden Delicious) at different temperatures (0, 12 and 35°C) markedly altered the pattern of water freezing in the seeds. Higher temperatures of storage brought about a shift from the sequential to the discontinuous type of freezing in seeds, the low temperature exotherm (LTE) being much more pronounced than the high temperature one (HTE). The occurrence of LTE was highly correlated with embryo death. Fruit storage at higher temperatures also caused a decrease in the threshold super cooling temperature of seeds and of naked embryos, removed from the seed coat and endosperm. The decrease was less pronounced in naked embryos than in intact seeds. The results presented show that the frost resistance of apple seeds relies mainly on the supercooling ability of the embryos and is increased by the presence of seed coat and endosperm. The broad peak of the LTE indicates that, in contrast with other seeds and many super cooling organs, massive ice nucleation in apple seeds occurs within the embryo tissues and that extra organ freezing seems to be of less importance. Therefore, the increased super cooling ability of apple seeds, isolated from fruits stored at higher temperatures, seems to rely on those seed properties that protect embryo cells against heterogeneous ice nucleation. 相似文献
66.
67.
Thi Thanh Thuy Pham Abderrazzek Maaroufi Etienne Odier 《Applied microbiology and biotechnology》1990,33(1):99-104
Summary The progeny of Dichomitus squalens CBS-432-34 is heterogeneous with respect to specific growth rate on glucose, cellulolytic ([U14C]cellulose 14CO2) and ligninolytic ([14C]synthetic lignin 14CO2) activities with little correlation between these metric characters. Variations do not show clear-cut phenotypes but rather a continuous range between extreme values pointing to multigenic control of these characters. Most homocaryons showed decreased cellulolytic or ligninolytic activity compared to the parent dicaryon. However a few homocaryons were comparable or even superior to the parent dicaryon for ligninolytic or cellulolytic activity with no correlation between each factor. Strains with reduced cellulolytic activity and altered isozyme patterns of endoglucanases were isolated in the progeny of D. squalens CBS-432-34. While the parent strain produced three main endoglucanase multiple enzymes designated EnI, EnII and EnIII, several strains in the progeny produced a different multiple enzyme pattern. In contrast to the quantitative ability to degrade cellulose, multiple enzyme pattern variation in the progeny did not show continuous variations. characterization of heterocaryon phenotypes derived from Ien+ and Ien 1 homocaryons and first filial generation (f1) analysis showed that genetic control of the multiple enzyme pattern (Ien 1 phenotype) in D. squalens is complex.
Offprint requests to: E. Odier 相似文献
68.
J B Gabrion H Barrière B Nguyen Than Dao M Chambard J Mauchamp F Regnouf L A Pradel 《European journal of cell biology》1990,52(2):282-290
A fodrin-like protein purified from porcine thyroid cells and characterized by its properties identical to those of pig brain spectrin (F. Regnouf et al., Eur. J. Biochem. 153, 313-319 (1985)) has been localized by immunofluorescence and electron immunocytochemistry in porcine and rat thyroid. Fodrin-like polypeptides were detected in subplasmalemmal meshworks of microfilaments attached to isolated or in situ plasma membranes. In resting cells, fodrin was found under apical and basolateral membrane domains, whereas it was always absent under the pseudopod membrane domain induced by acute TSH stimulation in vitro, using monolayers of porcine cultured cells attached to collagen permeable substrates, as well as in vivo, using rats intravenously treated with TSH. Thyroid fodrin could be involved in exocytosis and membrane stabilization which occurs during the formation of pseudopods induced by TSH stimulation. 相似文献
69.
The physical phenomenon of clathrate hydrate formation in protein-containing reversed micelles is described. Hydrate formation in reversed micelles is a method of adjusting the water to surfactant molar ratio, wo, which influences micellar size. Lipase and alpha-chymotrypsin encapsulated in large reversed micelles of high wo show significant enhancements in activity when the micelle size is reduced through hydrate formation. Alternate methods of micelle size adjustments also show enhancements in activity. The implications for improving the activity of such encapsulated enzymes recovered from fermentation media through phase transfer into reversed micelles are discussed. 相似文献
70.
O. Mendoza-Vega E. Keppi B. Bouchon M. Nguyen T. Achstetter 《Applied microbiology and biotechnology》1996,44(5):624-628
The recombinant outer-surface protein A with an N-terminally truncated form (des-Cys1-OspA) from the Lyme disease spirochete Borrelia burgdorferi was expressed in Saccharomyces cerevisiae at high production levels. Since the recombinant vaccine candidate expressed in Escherichia coli exhibits low production yields and the purification of lipoproteins appears to be difficult, we have investigated the secretion of a soluble recombinant OspA in the yeast S. cerevisiae. In this way, a Leu+ derivative of S. cerevisiae cI3ABYS86 was used as the host strain transformed with an expression plasmid containing the gene encoding des-Cys1-OspA and driven by the MF1 promoter. The fed-batch culture results revealed that an efficient secretion of des-Cys1-OspA is obtained with a high production level of about 2.1 g 1–1 at a cell density of 101 g 1–1 cell dry weight. The accumulation of recombinant protein in the supernatant exceeds 6% of the total yeast proteins when estimated by sodium dodecyl sulphate/polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis. Moreover, des-Cys1-OspA showed lower solubilities at high cell densities and, as a consequence, a fraction of the recombinant protein precipitated. An internal cleavage of the MF1 pro::des-Cys1-OspA precursor was also detected. However, in this case the cleavage occurred at a frequency such that the large amounts of the secreted des-Cys1-OspA could be employed for the evaluation of an immunogenic effect on animal immunization. These studies will extend the knowledge of the usefulness of OspA as a vaccine for Lyme borreliosis. 相似文献