Silica and Ash in Native Plants of the Central and Southeastern Regions of the United States

Ash and silica contents and depositional patterns were determinedfor different tissues of 11 plants growing in the southeasternand central parts of the USA. Silica content was high in theleaves, sheaths and inflorescences of the grasses studied, especiallyso in the inflorescence of the C₃ grass, Stipa comata Trise.and Rupr. The ash content was especially high in leaves of Polymniauvedalia L., which are also high in calcium. Calcium depositionwas largely in trichomes and in veins of the leaf. Energy-dispersiveX-ray analysis showed that the distribution of the element siliconis closely related to certain epidermal structures such as ridges,cell walls, rows of irregularly-shaped structures lying lenghthwisealong the leaf, dumb-bell shaped structures and trichomes. Thesestructures also correspond to the phytoliths left behind afterdecay of the plant. The C₃ grasses differed from the C₄ in thatthey showed oval structures and produced correspondingly ovalphytoliths. Silicified trichomes (particularly in the C₃ grasses)and long, narrow, silica fibres were common in the inflorescencesof the grasses studied. These sharp particles could be irritatingto oesophageal and other tissues. Similar fibres in other grasseshave been implicated in certain cancers. High silicificationof the inflorescence structures might afford protection forthe seed, as reported for other grasses. C₃ and C₄ grasses, silica and ash content, scanning electron microscopy, energy-dispersive X-ray analysis, silicon distribution, spectra of elements in plants, trichomes, silica fibres, phytoliths     

TheRhizobium-legume symbiosis Two methods to discriminate between nodules and other root-derived structures

Summary Two methods have been developed in order to discriminate between lateral roots, nodules and root-derived structures which exhibit both root and nodule histological features and which can develop on legumes inoculated with certainRhizobium mutants. The first method, known as the clearing method, allows the observation by light microscopy of cleared undissected root-structures. The second, known as the slicing method, is a complementary technique which provides a greater degree of structural information concerning such structures. The two methods have proved invaluable in defining unequivocally the nature of the interaction between a rhizobial strain and a legume host.     

Oxidative metabolism of cholesterol precursors: sensitivity to ketoconazole, an inhibitor of cytochrome P-450

The effects of ketoconazole, an inhibitor of cytochrome P-450, on the metabolism of the cholesterol precursors lanosterol, dihydrolanosterol, lanost-8-en-3 beta,32-diol, and 3 beta-hydroxylanost-8-en-32-al were investigated in subcellular fractions of rat liver and in rat hepatocytes in culture. At low (1-2 microM) concentrations of the drug, the oxidative demethylation of lanosterol was inhibited by about 70% in the subcellular fractions but there was no effect on the metabolism of the 3 beta, 32-diol or the 32-aldehyde. Higher drug concentrations (10-20 microM) were required to inhibit the oxidative metabolism of these cholesterol precursors. Similar results were obtained during longer-term incubations using hepatocytes in culture medium, but higher concentrations of ketoconazole were required to effect the same degree of inhibition of each precursor. In the subcellular fractions, dihydrolanosterol, the 3 beta,32-diol and the 32-aldehyde were each metabolized to more polar sterols, in addition to cholesterol. Ketoconazole also inhibited the formation of these polar substances.     

Effects of phosphoramide mustard and acrolein, cytotoxic metabolites of cyclophosphamide, on mouse limb development in vitro

Phosphoramide mustard and acrolein are toxic and reactive metabolites of the widely used anticancer drug and known teratogen cyclophosphamide. To study the mechanism(s) involved and to determine which of the active metabolites of cyclophosphamide is responsible for the production of limb malformations, the effects of exposure of cultured limb buds to phosphoramide mustard and acrolein were investigated. Fore- and hindlimbs were excised from ICR mice on day 12 of gestation and cultured in roller bottles for 6 days. Limbs were exposed to either phosphoramide mustard or acrolein (10 or 50 micrograms/ml) for the first 20 hours of the culture period. Exposure to phosphoramide mustard produced limb reduction malformations in both the fore- and hindlimbs; total limb bone area was greatly reduced, while the relative contribution of the paw to this area in forelimbs was increased. There was a fourfold reduction in both DNA and RNA; protein content was reduced only by one-half. Alkaline phosphatase activity was significantly decreased in fore- and hindlimbs exposed to phosphoramide mustard, whereas creatine phosphokinase activity was only reduced in hindlimbs in the limbs exposed to the higher concentration of phosphoramide mustard. Exposure to acrolein also produced malformed limbs with a mangled appearance; however, total limb bone area and the relative contribution of the long bones versus paw structures were not altered. Acrolein exposure had little effect on growth parameters such as DNA (decreased only in hindlimbs exposed to 50 micrograms/ml), RNA (increased in hindlimbs exposed to 50 micrograms/ml), or protein content. Alkaline phosphatase and creatine phosphokinase activities were not altered in acrolein-exposed fore- or hindlimbs. Thus, phosphoramide mustard and acrolein have dramatically different effects on developing limbs in vitro; this observation may indicate that they have different targets and/or mechanisms of action as teratogens in the limb. The effects of phosphoramide mustard are very similar to those of "activated" cyclophosphamide (4-hydroperoxycyclophosphamide).     

Effects of cloprostenol, human chorionic gonadotropin and estradiol benzoate treatment on estrus synchronization in dairy cows

Two consecutive experiments were conducted. In Experiment 1, 24 Friesian lactating cows were randomly assigned to two groups. Cows in Group I received intramuscularly (i.m.) 500 mcg of cloprostenol, 1250 IU of human chorionic gonadotropin (hCG) and 5 mg of estradiol benzoate 12 h after cloprostenol treatment. Cows in Group II received 750 IU i.m. of hCG and 3 mg of estradiol benzoate 12 h after cloprostenol treatment. Treatment was given on Day 16 after estrus in both groups. All animals showed estrus within 24 to 48 h after cloprostenol treatment. The average interval from cloprostenol injection to the onset of estrus was not influenced by treatments. Four cows in Group I failed to ovulate and became cystic. In Experiment 2, 71 Friesian lactating cows were randomly assigned to two groups. Cows in Group I received 500 mcg i.m. of cloprostenol after corpus luteum detection by palpation per rectum. Cows in Group II received 500 mcg of cloprostenol plus 750 IU of hCG and 3 mg of estradiol benzoate 12 h after. When estrus ready for service was confirmed by rectal examination, cows were inseminated. The percentage of cows ready for service tended to be lower (P < 0.06) between cows in Group I (88%) and those in Group II (100%). The average interval from cloprostenol treatment to service was longest (P < 0.001) in Group I (78.7 h +/- 14.9, X +/- SD) vs Group II (48 h +/- 2.9). The degree of readiness for service synchrony was lowest (P < 0.001) in Group I (59.3%) vs Group II (94.2%). The pregnancy rates of cows synchronized or treated were not altered by hCG-estradiol benzoate treatment (P > 0.25). These results suggest that in dairy cows treated with cloprostenol following palpation per rectum of a corpus luteum and then with 750 IU of hCG and 3 mg of estradiol benzoate 12 h later, a single fixed-time insemination at 48 h after cloprostenol treatment should be performed.     

SURROGATE MOTHERING:EXPLOITATION OR EMPOWERMENT?

The morality of surrogate mothering is analyzed from a "consequentialist" framework which attempts to separate those consequences that invariably accompany a given act from those that accompany it only in particular circumstances. Critics of surrogacy argue that it transfers the burden and risk of pregnancy onto another woman, separates sex and reproduction, and separates reproduction and childrearing; none of these acts is necessarily wrong, either morally or for women's or society's basic interests. While surrogate mothering can be rendered immoral if women are coerced into the practice or become victims of subordinating or penalizing contracts, it has the potential to empower women and increase their status in society by providing a job that is less risky and more enjoyable than other jobs women are forced to take and by achieving greater social recognition for reproductive labor.